| 词条 | Balochistan Liberation Army |
| 释义 |
| name = Baloch Liberation Army | logo = | caption = Flag of the Balochistan Liberation Army | native_name = بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی | native_name_lang = Urdu | other_name = | country = | leader = *Khair Bakhsh Marri(deceased)[1]
| foundation = | dates = | dissolved = | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | motives = | area = Balochistan, Pakistan Afghanistan[4] | headquarters = {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} Afghanistan[5][6] | newspaper = | ideology = Baloch Nationalism | position = | crimes = Assassination, Suicide bombing[7], attacks against civilians and paramilitary forces, Kidnapping and Ethnic Cleansing. | status = Active. Designated as terrorist organisation by: {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan | size = 500[8] | revenue = | financing = }} The Balochistan Liberation Army ({{lang-ur|بلوچستان لبریشن آرمی}}; abbreviated BLA), also known as the Baloch Liberation Army is a Baloch militant organization based in Pakistan and Afghanistan.[9] The BLA is listed as a terrorist organization by Pakistan, United Kingdom,[10][11][12] Since 2004 the BLA has waged an armed struggle against the state of Pakistan for what it claims as equal rights and self-determination for the Baloch people in Pakistan, who it claims have been subjected to repression for decades.[13][14][15] The BLA is operating mainly in Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan where it carries out attacks against the Pakistan Armed Forces. The Baloch Liberation Army became publicly known during the summer of 2000, after it claimed credit for a series of bombing attacks on Pakistani authorities.[16] HistoryAccording to some sources, Misha and Sasha were among the architects of the original BLA.[17][18]{{failed verification|None of this is in the cited source|date=July 2016}} On 10 February 1973, Pakistani police and paramilitary raided the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad without prior permission of the Iraqi government, during which a large cache of small arms, ammunition, grenades and other supplies were found in crates marked 'Foreign Ministry, Baghdad'. The ammunition and weaponry was believed to be destined for Baloch rebels. Pakistan responded by expelling and declaring persona non grata the Iraqi Ambassador Hikmat Sulaiman and other consular staff. In a letter to President Nixon on February 14, Bhutto blamed India and Afghanistan, besides Iraq and the Soviet Union, for involvement in a "conspiracy ... [with] subversive and irredentist elements which seek to disrupt Pakistan's integrity"[19][20] Wright-Neville wrote that besides Pakistan, some Western observers also believe that India secretly funds the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA).[21] However, in August 2013 US Special Representative James Dobbins said “The dominant infiltration of militants is from Pakistan into Afghanistan, but we recognise that there is some infiltration of hostile militants from the other direction as well."So Pakistan's concerns aren't groundless. They are simply, in our judgement, somewhat exaggerated."[22] Some have claimed that Hyrbyair Marri[23] has been the group's leader since 2007, but in an interview in 2015 he denied having any contact with the group.[24] Hyrbyair's brother Balach had led the group from 2000 until he was assassinated in 2007.[25] Foreign involvementIt has been claimed that Brahumdagh Bugti is one of the founders of the BLA.[26] Pakistan has accused the BLA of being an Indian proxy, and Indian consulates in Kandahar and Jalalabad, Afghanistan, for providing arms, training and financial aid to the BLA in an attempt to destabilize Pakistan[27][28] However Hyrbyair Marri has denied the group has any links with India.[24] Afghanistan has acknowledged that they have been providing covert support to Baloch liberation army (BLA). After the death of Aslam Baloch alias Achu in Kandahar, Afghan officials claimed that the Afghan police chief Abdul Raziq Achakzai has housed Aslam Baloch and other separatist in Kandahar for years.[29] Similarly, Afghan media outlet, Tolo News also claimed that Aslam Baloch has been residing in Afghanistan since 2005.[30]Previously Baloch liberation army leader, Balach Marri, was also killed in Afghanistan.[31] Terrorist designationPakistan designated the Balochistan Liberation Army as a terrorist organisation on 7 April 2006 after the group conducted a series of attacks targeting security personnel.[32] On 17 July 2006, the British government followed suit, listing the BLA as a "proscribed group" based on the Terrorism Act 2000,[33] although the U.K. has harboured Hyrbyair Marri, leader of the BLA, as a refugee, something Pakistani leader Raheel Sharif has protested against.[34] The group's actions have been described as terrorism by the United States Department of State.[35] United States and European Union have also designated Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) as a terrorist organisation.[36]War CrimesBrahamdagh Khan Bugti, alleged leader of Baloch liberation army (BLA), asked native Balochs to conduct ethnic cleansing of Non-Baloch citizens from the province.[37] As a result, Baloch liberation army (BLA) started attacking non-Baloch citizens of the province. BLA started targeting people from various ethnic backgrounds like Pashtuns, Sindhis and Punjabis whom the BLA considered to be outsider in the province.[38][39][40][41][42] Human right groups have accused Baloch insurgent groups of being involved in grave human right violations. Insurgent groups such as Baloch liberation army (BLA) have been involved in attack on schools, teachers and students in the province.[43]AttacksOn 14 December 2005, BLA militants launched six rockets at a paramilitary camp in Balochistan's Kohlu district that then-President Pervez Musharraf was visiting. Though Musharraf's life was never in any real danger, the Pakistani government labeled the attack an attempt on his life and initiated a sweeping army operation in Kohlu.[44] On 14 June 2009, masked gunmen shot dead Anwar Baig, a school teacher in Kalat. Baig had opposed recitation of the Baloch anthem in schools. The killing was part of a larger campaign against educators who were seen to be sympathetic to the Pakistani state.[45] On 30 July 2009, BLA militants kidnapped 19 Pakistani police in Sui, killed one and injured 16. Over the course of 3 weeks all but one of the kidnapped police were killed by their captors.[46] On 14 August 2010, BLA militants killed 6 laborers and wounded 3 others while they were on their way home from work.[47] On 21 November 2011, BLA insurgents attacked government security personnel who were guarding a private coal mine in the northern Musakhel district, killing 14 and wounding 10 more. The BLA claimed to have killed 40.[48] On 31 December 31 2011, BLA militants placed a car bomb outside the house of Mir Naseer Mengal, a former minister of state, killing 13 and wounding 30 more.[49] On 12 July 2012, Baloch liberation army took responsibility for abducting and killing 7 coal miners and 1 doctor. The miners were abducted in Soorang area on 7 July 2012. The miners were later killed and their bullet ridden bodies were found.[50][51] All of the victims were Pashtuns. Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (PkMAP) and coal miner labour union staged protest outside Balochistan High Court (BHC).[52] On 6 August 2013, Baloch liberation army (BLA) took responsibility for abducting and killing 11 passengers from a bus near Machh Town. The militants were disguised as security personnel.[53] On 16 August 2013, Baloch liberation army claimed responsibility for conducting a attack on Jaffar Express near Machh. The attack claimed lives of two people and wounded ten others.[54] On 3 November 2014, Baloch liberation army (BLA) attacked United Baloch army (UBA). Commander Ali Sher of UBA was killed in the attack. Four other members of the UBA were also captured by BLA.[55] On 30 June 2015, Baloch liberation army (BLA) clashed with United Baloch Army (UBA) in Dera Bugti. The attack resulted in death of 20 militants on both sides.[56] On 7 October 2016, Baloch liberation army claimed responsibility for twin blast targeting Jaffar Express. The attack claimed lives of six people and wounded eighteen other.[57][58] {{Main|2017 Gwadar labors shooting}}10 laborers are killed by two gunmen on motorbikes in Gwadar, Pakistani officials stated on 13 May 2017. BLA claimed the attack as a response to the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.[59] Victims of the attack were native of Sindh province.[60] On 14 August 2017, BLA claimed responsibility for a roadside bomb blast that killed 8 FC troops in Harnai.[61] On 23 November 2018, BLA claimed responsibility for an attack, killing four, on the Chinese Consulate in Karachi in a tweet that included a photo of three men[62][63] identified as Azal Khan Baloch, Razik Baloch and Rais Baloch. All of them were killed by police during the attack.[64] Later on, the mastermind of the attack, Aslam Baloch Achu, was also killed along with five other commanders in Kandahar, Afghanistan.[65] Quaid-e-Azam Residency{{main|2013 Quaid-e-Azam Residency attack}}The Quaid-e-Azam Residency, a historical residence in Balochistan where Muhammad Ali Jinnah spent the last days of his life, was attacked by rockets on 15 June 2013. The building was nearly demolished as a result of the attack. Militants belonging to the Balochistan Liberation Army claimed responsibility. The militants also removed the flag of Pakistan from the monument site, replacing it with a BLA flag.[66] The reconstruction work was completed and the rehabilitated Ziarat Residency opened on August 14, 2014 by Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif.[67] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/42906|title=All Baloch shouldn't be tarred with same brush |publisher=Archives.dawn.com|author=Cyril Almeida|authorlink=Cyril Almeida|date=2010-07-25|accessdate=2013-06-15}} {{Baloch nationalism}}{{Pakistan separatist movements}}2. ^https://www.tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/baloch-separatist-leader-killed-kandahar-attack-reports 3. ^https://tribune.com.pk/story/1875211/1-mastermind-chinese-consulate-attack-killed-kandahar-bbc/ 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://vkb.isvg.org/Wiki/Groups/Balochistan_Liberation_Army |title=Balochistan Liberation Army |work=Violent Extremism Knowledge Base |publisher=Institute for the Study of Violent Groups |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102153136/http://vkb.isvg.org/Wiki/Groups/Balochistan_Liberation_Army |archivedate=2013-01-02 |df= }} 5. ^https://www.tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/baloch-separatist-leader-killed-kandahar-attack-reports 6. ^https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/world/asia/pakistan-baluch-afghanistan-bombing.html 7. ^https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/bla-claims-responsibility-for-balochistan-suicide-bombing/ 8. ^{{cite web|last=Onwar|first=Onwar|url=https://www.onwar.com/actors/type43/alochistanliberationarmy.htm|publisher=Onwar|date=10 August 2009|accessdate=21 December 2010}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Raza|first=Irfan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/187183/bla-declared-terrorist-organisation-banned|publisher=Dawn|date=10 April 2006|accessdate=10 April 2006}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Office|first1=Home|title=PROSCRIBED TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS|date=15 July 2016|publisher=Home Office|page=9|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/538297/20160715-Proscription-website-update.pdf|accessdate=16 July 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/456294/list-of-banned-organisations-in-pakistan/|title=List of banned organisations in Pakistan|publisher=Tribune.com.pk|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3961|title=Terrorist Organization Profile - START - National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism|publisher=Start.umd.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-06-17|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120623023249/http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3961|archivedate=2012-06-23}} 13. ^{{cite news|last1=Iaccino|first1=Ludovica|title=Balochistan: Baloch leader calls citizens 'most oppressed in world', urges halt to aid to Pakistan|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/balochistan-baloch-leader-calls-citizens-most-oppressed-world-urges-halt-aid-pakistan-1508447|accessdate=19 December 2016|work=International Business Times UK|date=29 June 2015}} 14. ^{{cite news|last1=Writer|first1=Malik Siraj Akbar Contributing|title=The End of Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/malik-siraj-akbar/the-end-of-pakistans-balo_b_6090920.html|accessdate=19 December 2016|work=The Huffington Post|date=3 November 2014}} 15. ^{{cite news|last1=Cassman|first1=Daniel|title=Balochistan Liberation Army {{!}} Mapping Militant Organizations|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/297|accessdate=19 December 2016|work=web.stanford.edu}} 16. ^{{cite web|last=Butt|first=Qaiser|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/564257/heritage-under-attack-pkmap-says-it-views-ziarat-residency-as-a-symbol-of-slavery/|title=Heritage under attack: PkMAP says it views Ziarat Residency as a ‘symbol of slavery’ – The Express Tribune|publisher=Tribune.com.pk|date=1947-08-14|accessdate=2013-06-17}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newscentralasia.net/2011/07/18/archive-material-pakistan-unveiling-the-mystery-of-balochistan-insurgency-part-two/|title=[Archive Material] Pakistan: Unveiling the Mystery of Balochistan Insurgency — Part Two|publisher=Newscentralasia.net|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Kristen P.|title=Despite Nationalist Conflicts: Theory and Practice of Maintaining World Peace|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-96934-7}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04032011/page26.shtml|title=The Friday Times:Caught! (But what?) by Shahid Saeed|publisher=Thefridaytimes.com|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Baluch|first= Ahmad K.|title=Inside Baluchistan, a Political Authorbiography by Mir Ahmad Khan Baluch}} 21. ^{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Terrorism|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745643021|url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=ZgmXxoLHv8MC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=David Wright-Neville|edition=1st|accessdate=3 June 2012|pages=48–49|date=11 May 2010}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/news/1034778/us-acknowledges-pakistans-fears-of-indian-presence-in-afghanistan|title=US acknowledges Pakistan’s fears of Indian presence in Afghanistan|author=APP|publisher=Dawn.com|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 23. ^{{cite book|last1=Samad|first1=Yunas|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1138903470|page=124}} 24. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Marri|first1=Hyrbyair|title=Will never seek help from India: Hyrbyair Marri|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1212164|accessdate=16 July 2016|publisher=Dawn|date=2015}} 25. ^{{cite news|author=Karlos Zurutuza|date=June 24, 2015|title=Understanding Pakistan’s Baloch Insurgency|publisher=The Diplomat|url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/cracking-pakistans-baloch-insurgency/}} 26. ^{{cite book|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Farhan Hanif|title=The Political Economy of Conflict in South Asia|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1137397430|chapter=4}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/84902/wikileaks-india-russia-supporting-baloch-insurgency/|title=MPs told Russia, India and UAE involved in Baloch insurgency - The Express Tribune|date=3 December 2010|publisher=}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/raw-is-training-600-balochis-in-afghanistan/231032|title='RAW Is Training 600 Balochis In Afghanistan'|website=outlookindia.com}} 29. ^https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/world/asia/pakistan-baluch-afghanistan-bombing.html 30. ^https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/baloch-separatist-leader-killed-kandahar-attack-reports 31. ^https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-46834089 32. ^{{cite news|title=Names of 61 banned outfits in Pakistan, JuD under observation|publisher=Dispatch News Desk|url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/names-of-61-banned-outfits-in-pakistan-jud-under-observation/102863|date=December 18, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article689084.ece |title=Militant Islamist groups banned under terror law|author=Richard Ford|publisher=The Times|date=18 July 2006}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tribune.com.pk/story/822083/army-chief-in-london-uk-urged-to-act-against-hut-baloch-separatists/|title=Army chief in London: UK urged to act against HuT, Baloch separatists - The Express Tribune|date=15 January 2015|publisher=}} 35. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204212453/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82734.htm|archivedate=2011-02-04|url=https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82734.htm|title=Chapter 2 -- Country Reports: South and Central Asia Overview|publisher=Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism|date= April 30, 2007}} 36. ^https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/31/balochistan-is-seething-and-that-cant-make-china-happy-about-investing/ 37. ^http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/297?highlight=baloch#note40 38. ^https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/05/gunmen-kill-six-labourers-in-balochistan-police/ 39. ^https://www.dawn.com/news/1325031 40. ^https://nation.com.pk/14-May-2017/bla-kills-10-sindhi-labourers-in-gwadar 41. ^https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/cracking-pakistans-baloch-insurgency/ 42. ^https://www.dawn.com/news/733754 43. ^https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/13/their-future-stake/attacks-teachers-and-schools-pakistans-balochistan-province 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=709&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=239&no_cache=1|title=The Baloch Insurgency and its Threat to Pakistan's Energy Sector|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|date=March 21, 2006}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/08/testimony-ali-dayan-hasan-us-house-committee-foreign-affairs-regarding-human-rights-|title=Testimony of Ali Dayan Hasan before the US House Committee on Foreign Affairs regarding Human Rights in Balochistan - Human Rights Watch|publisher=Human Rights Watch}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200907300006|title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200907300006|publisher=Start.umd.edu}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201008140001|title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 201008140001|publisher=Start.umd.edu|accessdate=14 October 2014}} 48. ^{{cite news|title=Pakistan troops killed in ambush in Balochistan|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15815853|date=November 21, 2011}} 49. ^{{cite news|title=BLA claims responsibility of the blast in Quetta: 13 killed|publisher=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/684475/bla-claims-responsibility-of-the-blast-in-quetta-13-killed|date=December 31, 2011}} 50. ^https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/12/world/asia/pakistan-violence/index.html?no-st=9999999999 51. ^https://tribune.com.pk/story/407271/abductors-kill-seven-coal-miners-near-quetta/ 52. ^https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/623714 53. ^https://www.dawn.com/news/1036233/attack-on-jaffar-express-near-machh 54. ^https://www.dawn.com/news/1036233/attack-on-jaffar-express-near-machh 55. ^https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/6090920 56. ^https://tribune.com.pk/story/912110/up-to-20-killed-in-clashes-between-separatist-groups-in-dera-bugti/ 57. ^https://www.dawn.com/news/1288604 58. ^https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/155824-Jaffer-Express-hit-by-twin-blasts-in-Mach 59. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/gunmen-kill-10-labourers-balochistan-gwadar-170513111330168.html|title=Gunmen kill 10 labourers in Balochistan's Gwadar|date=2017-05-13|work=Al-Jazeera|access-date=2017-05-21}} 60. ^https://nation.com.pk/14-May-2017/bla-kills-10-sindhi-labourers-in-gwadar 61. ^{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1482509/harnai-blast-death-toll-rises-eight/|title=Harnai blast: Death toll rises to eight|last=Muhammad|first=Zaffar|work=The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2017|accessdate=17 August 2017}} 62. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/23/world/asia/23reuters-pakistan-china-casualties.html |title=Two Pakistani Policemen Killed, Guard Wounded in Attack on China Consulate in Karachi: Doctor |publisher=The New York Times|date= |accessdate=28 November 2018}} 63. ^{{cite news |title=Chinese consulate attack: Four killed in thwarted raid in Karachi |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/23/asia/karachi-chinese-consulate-attack-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=23 November 2018}} 64. ^{{cite news |title=Baloch separatist leader Harbiyar Marri among 13 booked for Chinese consulate attack |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1447419/ |work=Dawn |date=24 November 2018}} 65. ^https://tribune.com.pk/story/1875211/1-mastermind-chinese-consulate-attack-killed-kandahar-bbc/ 66. ^{{cite news|title=BLA destroys Jinnah’s Residency in Ziarat|publisher=The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/563877/bla-destroys-jinnahs-residency-in-ziarat/|date=June 16, 2013}} 67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1106091/rehabilitated-ziarat-residency-to-be-inaugurated-on-august-14th|title=Rehabilitated Ziarat Residency to be inaugurated on August 14th}} 10 : Baloch nationalist organizations|Balochistan|Paramilitary organisations based in Pakistan|Separatism in Pakistan|National liberation armies|Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom|Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia|Rebel groups in Pakistan|Rebel groups in Afghanistan|Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan |
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