词条 | Baltic Air Policing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| image= Russian SU-27 Flanker with RAF Typhoon MOD 45157730.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon (bottom) escorts Russian Air Force Su-27 Flanker (top) over the Baltic in June 2014 |conflict=Baltic Air Policing |date=30 March 2004 - present |place=Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia |result=Ongoing }} The Baltic air-policing mission is a NATO air defence Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) in order to guard the airspace over the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. MissionWithin the Alliance, preserving airspace integrity is conducted as a collective task jointly and collectively using fighter aircraft for Air Policing. Air policing is a purely defensive mission. Since the 1970s, NATO has established a comprehensive system of air surveillance and airspace management means, as well as Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) assets for intercepts (QRA(I)) provided by its member nations. By means of radar sites, remote data transmission, Control and Reporting Centres (CRCs) and Combined Air Operations Centres (CAOCs) the Alliance ensures constant surveillance and control of its assigned airspace 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. NATO exploits these facilities to react within seconds to air traffic incidents in the Allies’ airspace. This structure of weapon systems, control centres and procedures is referred to as the NATO Integrated Air Defence System (NATINADS). NATINADS has been and remains one cornerstone of Alliance solidarity and cohesion. The responsible Allied Air Headquarters are at Izmir, Turkey and Ramstein, Germany. The dividing line is the Alps. The Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein’s air area of responsibility is divided in two Air Policing Areas (APAs):
NATO members without their own Air Policing assets are assisted by other NATO members. Luxembourg is covered by interceptors from Belgium, while Slovenia and Albania are covered by Italian and Greek aircraft.[2] Since March 2004, when the Baltic States joined NATO, the 24/7 task of policing the airspace of the Baltic States was conducted on a three-month rotation from Lithuania's First Air Force Base in Zokniai/Šiauliai International Airport, near the northern city of Šiauliai, and starting 2014 at the Ämari Air Base in Harju County, Estonia. Starting with the Turkish deployment, rotations changed to a four-month basis. Usual deployments consist of four fighter aircraft with between 50 and 100 support personnel. To ensure Air Policing performance is conducted in a safe and professional way, adequate training was and still is required, as NATO member nations deploy their assets to Šiauliai Air Base, Lithuania, on a rotational basis. To standardize training across nations, Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein introduced a series of training events formerly called Baltic Region Training Events, now referred to as Ramstein Alloy [https://www.airn.nato.int/page805182/exercises-2016/aircom-exercises] to capitalize on experienced aircrews deployed to Šiauliai and to offer superior training for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian air forces and control facilities.[3] The three host nations contributed €2.2 million in 2011 to cover the deployment expenses and are supposed to contribute €3.5 million yearly by 2015. In 2012, the Alliance allocated €7 million for Šiauliai airfield modernisation from the Security Investment Programme.[4] Hungary performed the mission for the first time in 2015,[5] also Italy carried out the mission in January–April 2015,[6] with 14 members having participated in Baltic Air Policing so far. In 2013, the Baltic patrol was called in when the Swedish Air Force was unable to respond to a simulated attack by Russian bombers against Stockholm.[7] During the 2014 Crimean crisis, the U.S. Air Force deployed six F-15C Eagle fighter jets from US-run Lakenheath air base in eastern England to the Lithuanian Air Force Base near Šiauliai.[8][9] These aircraft will augment the present mission comprising four U.S. F-15C Eagle aircraft. The U.S. heightened its NATO presence to increase the strength of the Baltic Air Policing mission. Another two U.S. KC-135 aerial refuelling aircraft brought aircraft service personnel.[10] In May 2014, NATO established its second air base in Estonia's Ämari near Tallinn, beginning with a Danish deployment.[11] Additionally in May 2014, Polish Air Force units at Malbork Air Base were reinforced by the French Air Force [12][13] According to a former staff of the National Defence University of Finland the Baltic air bases are untenable in a war scenario as they lack hardened aircraft shelters which makes them vulnerable to attack.[14] Also Russia operates long-range SAMs in Kaliningrad, Pskov and Leningrad Oblast which would severely hamper or stop air operations from the area.[14] Deployments
Accidents
GallerySee also
References1. ^CAOC Finderup 1993-2013 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722065647/http://www.flyhis.dk/CAOC%20Finderup%20til%20ebog.pdf |date=July 22, 2015 }} {{refbegin}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/News/Pagine/AM_assicura_spazio_aereo_albanese_170709.aspx|title=L'A.M. assicura lo spazio aereo albanese|accessdate=20 September 2011|language=Italian|quote=L’Aeronautica Militare assicura già dal 2007, con i propri velivoli, l’"Air Policing" dello spazio aereo sloveno.}} 3. ^Baltic Region Training Event. 4. ^A Mission in the Interest of the Whole Alliance. PISM Bulletin No 88 (421), September 21, 2012 5. ^Hungary will join NATO's Air Policing mission in Baltics. 6. ^Italy’s Typhoon fighter jets secure airspace of Iceland. 10 June 2013 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.acus.org/natosource/russian-jets-practiced-attacks-sweden |title=Russian jets practiced attacks on Sweden |last1=Benitez |first1=Jorge |date=22 April 2013 |work=NATO Source |publisher=Atlantic Council |accessdate=22 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426200323/http://www.acus.org/natosource/russian-jets-practiced-attacks-sweden |archive-date=2013-04-26 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 8. ^[https://news.yahoo.com/us-sends-six-fighters-nato-baltics-patrols-lithuania-150042846.html US sends six fighters for NATO Baltics patrols: Lithuania] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308012653/http://news.yahoo.com/us-sends-six-fighters-nato-baltics-patrols-lithuania-150042846.html |date=March 8, 2014 }} 9. ^6 F-15s, KC-135 to augment NATO mission in Baltics 10. ^The United States augment its participation in NATO's air policing mission in the Baltics 11. ^{{cite news |url=http://estonianworld.com/security/nato-opens-air-base-estonia-video/ |title=NATO opens an air base in Estonia |date=2 May 2014 |website=estonianworld.com |accessdate=2 May 2014}} 12. ^NATO's tripled Baltic Air Policing Mission begins by Nicholas de Larrinaga Jane's Defence Weekly 29 April 2014 13. ^Alliance Solidarity in the Baltic Region Continues Allied Command Operations 26 Aug 2014 14. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Gestrin-Hagner|first1=Maria|title=(sv) Försvarsexpert: Flygövning fredstida spel för gallerierna|url=http://hbl.fi/nyheter/2015-01-20/709416/forsvarsexpert-flygovning-fredstida-spel-gallerierna|accessdate=21 May 2015|publisher=Hufvudstadsbladet|date=2015-01-20}} 15. ^NATO Air - policing mission, Lithuanian Armed Forces 16. ^Belgium Baltic Air Policing 17. ^Air-police functions in the Baltic States to be taken over by Danish personnel 18. ^[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldhansrd/vo041214/text/41214w01.htm Hansard, 14/12/04] 19. ^Norwegian Ministry of Defence:Norwegian fighter aircraft on a temporary NATO mission in the baltic 20. ^Air policing mission in the Baltic States to be taken over by Dutch troops 21. ^Germans takes over Baltic NATO mission 22. ^23rd EFS protects Baltic skies 23. ^Zakończenie misji AIR POLICING przez Siły Powietrzne RP. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218042058/http://www.mon.gov.pl/pl/artykul/1615 |date=2010-02-18 }} mon.gov.pl 24. ^1 Turkish Military Personnel to Take Over Execution of NATO Air Policing Mission Over the Baltic States. 25. ^Spain to carry out NATO patrol in Baltic countries 26. ^Estonian Review, Volume 17 No 13 Mar28-Apr3, 2007, p.3: French Take over Baltic Air Policing Mission {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227152341/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/377/ER_13.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }} 27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.roaf.ro/en/misiuni_en.php |title=Romania Performs Air Police Service In The Baltic Countries. |access-date=2013-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819200742/http://www.roaf.ro/en/misiuni_en.php |archive-date=2012-08-19 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 28. ^Portuguese F-16s to defend Baltic skies 29. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408145415/http://www.esq301jaguares.net/jaguares/baltico/airpolicing.htm A participação dos Jaguares na missão Baltics Air Policing 2007 (Portuguese Air Force 301 Squadron)] {{pt icon}} 30. ^Oro policijos misiją Baltijos valstybėse iš portugalų perima norvegai {{lt icon}} 31. ^Gazeta.pl: [https://archive.is/20120525173323/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/Wiadomosci/1,80273,4885249.html Prezydent podpisał postanowienie o użyciu wojska w dwóch zagranicznych operacjach] {{pl icon}} 32. ^U.S. Forces begin air policing mission in Baltics {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014211457/http://www.eucom.mil/english/FullStory.asp?art=1850 |date=2008-10-14 }} 33. ^Air Contingent of the Czech Republic took over the NATO Baltic Air-policing mission 34. ^German Air Force to conduct once more NATO Air Policing over Baltic States 35. ^Air Baltic 2010 – France takes over {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120525173324/www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news0210.htm |date=2012-05-25 }} 36. ^Dalyvauti oro policijos misijoje atvyksta Lenkijos naikintuvai {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130744/http://www.lrytas.lt/-12724372511270316748-dalyvauti-oro-policijos-misijoje-atvyksta-lenkijos-naikintuvai.htm |date=2012-01-11 }} {{lt icon}} 37. ^US Air contingent take over Baltic Air-policing mission 38. ^Richthofengeschwader sichert baltischen Luftraum {{de icon}} 39. ^Šiauliuose leisis Prancūzijos naikintuvai {{lt icon}} 40. ^NATO oro policijos misiją Baltijos šalyse perims Danijos kariai {{lt icon}} 41. ^Šiauliuose nusileido Vokietijos karinių oro pajėgų naikintuvai {{lt icon}} 42. ^Orlik 4 na posterunku, sp.mil.pl {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018092134/http://www.sp.mil.pl/en/news/1647-orlik-4-na-posterunku |date=2012-10-18 }} {{pl icon}} 43. ^Czech Gripen Baltic Airspace Policing Encore 44. ^Baltijos erdvėje patruliuos Danijos karinių oro pajėgų naikintuvai {{lt icon}} 45. ^NATO oro policijos misijoje danus keičia Prancūzijos karinių oro pajėgų kariai {{lt icon}} 46. ^{{cite news|title=Belgium To Take Over Baltic Air Policing|author=Nicholas Fiorenza|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3a3e0b8697-ccea-47c6-a0ab-ab825bdca318|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=17 June 2013}} 47. ^{{cite news|title=Baltic Air Policing|author=Belgian Air Force|url=http://www.mil.be/aircomp/news/index.asp?LAN=nl&ID=3895|date=2 July 2013|accessdate=3 August 2013|language=nl}} 48. ^{{cite news|title=Belgian F-16s take on Baltic Air Policing|author=AIRheads/MB|url=http://airheadsfly.com/2013/07/26/belgian-f-16s-baltic-air-policing-2013/|date=26 July 2013|accessdate=3 August 2013}} 49. ^{{cite web |title=U.S. air contingent took over NATO’s Baltic Air Policing mission from Belgian troops |url=http://kam.lt/en/news_1098/current_issues/u.s._air_contingent_to_take_over_natos_baltic_air_policing_mission_from_belgian_troops.html |date=3 January 2014}} 50. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Allies enhance NATO air-policing duties in Baltic States, Poland, Romania |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_109354.htm |date=29 April 2014}} 51. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Responsibility for the security of the Baltic airspace will be passed on to Portugal and Canada at the Lithuanian Air Force Base in Šiauliai |url=http://kam.lt/en/news_1098/news_archives/news_archive_2014/news_archive_2014_-_08/responsibility_for_the_security_of_the_baltic_airspace_will_be_passed_on_to_portugal_and_canada_at_the_lithuanian_air_force_base_in_siauliai.html?pbck=0 |date=31 August 2014}} 52. ^1 {{cite web |title=End of 2014 Marks Hand-Over of NATO’s Baltic Air Policing. |url=https://ac.nato.int/page5931922/end-of-2014-marks-handover-of-natoE28099s-baltic-air-policing |date=1 January 2015}} 53. ^{{cite web |title=Second Participation of Spanish Air Force in NATO Baltic Air Policing. |url=https://ac.nato.int/page5931922/second-participation-of-spanish-air-force-in-nato-baltic-air-policing |date=2 January 2015}} 54. ^{{cite web |title=Surveillance aérienne de Pologne |url=https://www.mil.be/fr/article/surveillance-aerienne-de-pologne |language=fr |date=16 January 2015}} 55. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Norway takes the lead in NATO’s Baltic Air Policing mission|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_119113.htm?selectedLocale=en|accessdate=30 April 2015}} 56. ^{{cite web |title=Italy ended its NATO Baltic Air Policing mission |url=https://ac.nato.int/page5931922/italy-ended-its-nato-baltic-air-policing-mission |date=28 August 2015}} 57. ^{{cite web |title=RAF hands over NATO Air Policing to Luftwaffe at Ämari, Estonia |url=https://ac.nato.int/page5931922/raf-hands-over-its-air-policing-tasks-to-luftwaffe-at-amari--estonia |date=25 August 2015}} 58. ^{{cite web |title=Hungary takes over lead role in Baltic Air Policing |url=https://ac.nato.int/page5931922/hungary-takes-over-lead-role-in-baltic-air-policing |date=31 August 2015}} 59. ^1 {{cite web |title=Spain and Belgium ensure Safe Skies over the Baltic Region |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2016/spain-and-belgium-ensure-safe-skies-over-the-baltic-region |date=7 January 2016}} 60. ^{{cite web |title=Augmenting Baltic Air Policing Nations hand over responsibility |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2016/augmenting-baltic-air-policing-nations-hand-over-responsibility |date=28 April 2016}} 61. ^{{cite web |title=Portugal assumes lead over Baltic Air Policing at Šiauliai |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2016/portugal-assumes-lead-over-baltic-air-policing-at-Siauliai |date=4 May 2016}} 62. ^{{cite web |title=Lead in Baltic Air Policing handed over to France at Šiauliai, Lithuania |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2016/lead-in-baltic-air-policing-handed-over-to-france-at-siauliai |date=31 August 2016}} 63. ^{{cite web |title=Baltic Air Policing augmenting nations pass baton at Ämari, Estonia |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2016/baltic-air-policing-augmenting-nations-pass-baton-at-amari--estonia |date=31 August 2016}} 64. ^{{cite web |title=France hands over lead in Baltic Air Policing to the Netherlands at Siauliai |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2017/france-hands-over-lead-in-baltic-air-policing-to-the-netherlands-at-siauliai |date=5 January 2017}} 65. ^{{cite web |title=Germany continues augmenting Baltic Air Policing |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2017/germany-continues-augmenting-baltic-air-policing |date=6 January 2017}} 66. ^{{cite web |title=Baltic Air Policing mission changes lead nation at Šiauliai Air Base |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2017/baltic-air-policing-mission-changes-lead-nation-at-Siauliai-air-base |date=2 May 2017}} 67. ^{{cite web |title=Spanish F-18 jets to augment NATO Baltic Air Policing |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2017/spanish-f18-jets-to-augment-nato-baltic-air-policing |date=3 May 2017}} 68. ^{{cite web |title=US Air Force assumes lead of 45th rotation of Baltic Air Policing |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2017/us-air-force-assumes-lead-of-45th-rotation-of-baltic-air-policing |date=30 August 2017}} 69. ^{{cite web |title=First Ally to conduct Baltic Air Policing, Belgium, back at Ämari |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2017/first-ally-to-conduct-baltic-air-policing--belgium--back-at-amari |date=5 September 2017}} 70. ^{{cite web |title=NATO Air Policing in Baltics continues with Denmark in lead |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2018/nato-air-policing-in-baltics-continues-with-denmark-in-lead |date=8 January 2018}} 71. ^{{cite web |title=Italy welcomed in Estonia to augment NATO's Baltic Air Policing mission |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2018/italy-arrives-in-estonia-to-augment-natos-baltic-air-policing-mission |date=10 January 2018}} 72. ^1 {{cite web |title=Portugal to take over lead of Baltic Air Policing |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2018/portugal-to-take-over-lead-of-baltic-air-policing |date=2 May 2018}} 73. ^{{cite web |title=French Air Force takes up NATO mission in Baltics |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2018/french-air-force-begins-their-nato-mission-in-baltics |date=3 May 2018}} 74. ^{{cite web |title=Germany starts Baltic Air Policing mission in Estonia |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2018/germany-starts-baltic-air-policing-mission-in-estonia |date=30 August 2018}} 75. ^{{cite web |title=NATO Air Policing in Baltic region continues with Belgium in lead |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2018/nato-air-policing-in-baltic-region-continues-with-belgium-in-lead |date=31 August 2018}} 76. ^{{cite web |title=Poland first Ally to safeguard Baltic Airspace in 2019 |url=https://ac.nato.int/archive/2019/poland-first-ally-to-safeguard-baltic-airspace-in-2019|date=3 January 2019}} 77. ^Lithuanian L-39 crashes after collision with French Mirage 78. ^Danish jets make unscheduled landing after bird collision in Estonian airspace. 79. ^ 80. ^https://news.sky.com/story/spanish-fighter-jet-accidentally-fires-missile-in-estonia-11465025
External links{{commons category|NATO Baltic air-policing mission}}
7 : Command and control|NATO Air Policing|21st-century Royal Air Force deployments|Military projects of the Baltic states|Military of Lithuania|Military of Latvia|Military of Estonia |
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