| 词条 | BAMN |
| 释义 |
| name = BAMN | native_name = Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | motto = | predecessor = | formation = {{start date and age|1995}} | founding_location = California, United States | extinction = | type = | status = | purpose = | headquarters = | location = | coords = | methods = | fields = | membership = | membership_year = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | slogan = | mission = | website = {{URL|http://www.bamn.com}} | formerly = | footnotes = }} The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary, commonly shortened to By Any Means Necessary (BAMN), is a militant American far-left group[1][2][3] that participates in protests and litigation to achieve its aims. OriginsBAMN was formed in 1995 to oppose the July 20, 1995 decision by Regents of the University of California to ban affirmative action as The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action By Any Means Necessary. It ran a slate of candidates in the April 1996 Associated Students of the University of California election on a platform of defeating California Proposition 209.[4] The proposition passed in November, prohibiting state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity for employment, contracting, and education. In 1997, BAMN expanded to Michigan, where it organized student support for the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School at Ann Arbor (UMLS) as a result of a challenge to that policy via Grutter v. Bollinger. CampaignsIn December 2005, BAMN disrupted a meeting of the Michigan State Board of Canvassers in which the Board voted to put a measure that would prohibit race-based preferential treatment in higher education on the November 2006 ballot. They did so by shouting down officials and overturning chairs and tables.[5] In December 2014, BAMN helped to organize a week of anti-police and Black Lives Matter protest in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. One of these protests shut down a part of Interstate 80 and led to the mass arrest of 210 people. Ronald Cruz, an attorney and organizer for BAMN, said that BAMN demanded that all of the charges against the protesters be dropped.[6] Another protest the same week resulted in violence and property damage.[7][8] Cruz claimed the police were the aggressors.[7] Attention by national law enforcementIn 2005, the American Civil Liberties Union reported that in 2002 the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) identified BAMN as "thought to be involved in terrorist activities."[9][10] According to the FBI, the group's protests were discussed in a meeting about alleged links to terrorist organizations.[9][10] Sacramento riot{{Main|2016 Sacramento riot}}In June 2016, BAMN led a counter-protest against a rally held by the Traditionalist Worker Party, a white nationalist group, outside of the California State Capitol in Sacramento. Violence at the protests resulted in nine people being hospitalized, seven with stab wounds.[11] Yvette Felarca, a BAMN spokeswoman, said their protest successfully "chased away the neo-Nazis and kept them from recruiting new members."[12] In July 2017, a year after the riot, authorities arrested Felarca and charged her with "inciting and participating in a riot and assault likely to cause great bodily injury."[13] Felarca and her lawyer, BAMN's national chair Shanta Driver, say the white nationalists were the aggressors and BAMN members had the right to defend themselves. Felarca told the Guardian that she was stabbed in the arm and struck in the head which resulted in her getting stitches.[14] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |last1=Stein |first1=Perry |last2=Wan |first2=William |title=How Berkeley has become the far left and far right’s battleground |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/berkeley-at-center-of-political-battleground-reverses-decision-to-cancel-speech-by-conservative-pundit-ann-coulter/2017/04/20/75574a72-25ef-11e7-b503-9d616bd5a305_story.html?utm_term=.c29d265de4dd |website=Washington Post |accessdate=23 January 2019 |language=en |date=21 April 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web |last1=Ellis |first1=Emma Grey |title=Your Handy Field Guide to the Surprisingly Few Factions of the Far Left, From Pastel Bloc to BAMN |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/05/field-guide-far-left/ |website=Wired |accessdate=23 January 2019 |language=en |date=23 May 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web |last1=Wallace |first1=Christopher |title=UC Berkeley riots: Violence looms as mayor questioned over ties to extremist group |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/uc-berkeley-riots-violence-looms-as-mayor-questioned-over-ties-to-extremist-group |website=Fox News |accessdate=23 January 2019 |language=en |date=25 April 2017}} 4. ^Associated Students of the University of California Voter's Guide, 1996 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.metrotimes.com/news/story.asp?id=8721 |title= Wham BAMN: Group stirs controversy in fight for civil rights.|accessdate=October 31, 2013 |work =Metro Times |date=January 11, 2006}} 6. ^{{cite web | publisher=Berkeleyside | title=Arrested anti-police protesters may wait up to a year to find out if they will be charged | url=http://www.berkeleyside.com/2015/01/07/arrested-anti-police-protesters-may-wait-up-to-a-year-to-find-out-if-they-will-be-charged/ | author=Tracey Taylor | date=January 7, 2015 | access-date=July 6, 2016 | quote=(BAMN), which helped organize protests the week of Dec. 6-13}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | publisher=Berkeleyside | title=City of Berkeley told police to use restraint, avoid tear gas, on second night of protests | url=http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/12/08/city-of-berkeley-told-police-to-use-restraint-avoid-tear-gas-on-second-night-of-protests/ | author=Berkeleyside Editors | date=December 8, 2014 | access-date=July 6, 2016 | quote=Ronald Cruz, the attorney for the group By Any Means Necessary, which helped coordinate the protests, told KQED Forum that police were the aggressors on Saturday night.}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Ioffee|first1=Karina|date=June 28, 2016|title=FBI investigates threat against Berkeley school after teacher's counterprotest at rally|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/breaking-news/ci_30067746/fbi-investigates-threat-against-berkeley-school-after-teachers|accessdate=September 27, 2017|work=East Bay Times|quote=By Any Means Necessary, an Oakland-based organization that describes itself as a 'militant anti-fascist group' that uses a variety of tactics, including violence, to spread its message ... was behind some of the violence during the Black Lives Matter protests in 2014, including looting in downtown Berkeley that left dozens of storefronts smashed}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |title=Direct action FOIA document |website=American Civil Liberties Union |url=https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/direct-action-foia-document |access-date=June 27, 2016 }} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.statenews.com/article.phtml?pk=31230 |accessdate=February 18, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530134437/http://www.statenews.com/article.phtml?pk=31230 |archivedate=May 30, 2006|title=Local Terrorist Activity Suspected}} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Serna |first=Joseph |date=June 27, 2016 |title=Neo-Nazis didn't start the violence at state Capitol, police say |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-neo-nazi-event-stabbings-capitol-20160627-snap-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=August 26, 2017 }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/yvette-felarca-neo-nazi-fascism_us_59949dece4b0d0d2cc83d266 |title=Teacher Accused Of Punching Neo-Nazi Says Standing Up To Fascism Isn't A Crime |first=David |last=Moye |date=August 16, 2017 |publisher=Huffington Post |accessdate=August 26, 2017 }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/amp/US/wireStory/anti-fascist-leader-arrested-california-capitol-brawl-48735850 |title=Anti-fascist leader arrested after California Capitol brawl |first=Olga |last=Rodriguez |agency=Associated Press |date=July 19, 2017 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=August 26, 2017 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/25/yvette-felarca-trump-protest-charges-activism |title='I won't stop': Jailed activist blasts US crackdown on anti-Trump protesters |first=Sam |last=Levin |date=July 25, 2017 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=August 26, 2017 }} External links
|case=Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) |enfacto=http://www.enfacto.com/case/U.S./539/306/ |other_source1=LII |other_url1=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?539+306 }}
|case=Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003) |enfacto=http://www.enfacto.com/case/U.S./539/244/ |other_source1=LII |other_url1=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?539+244 }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamn}} 4 : 1995 establishments in California|Civil rights organizations in the United States|Far-left politics in the United States|Organizations established in 1995 |
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