| 词条 | Bangweulu Wetlands |
| 释义 |
| name = Bangweulu Wetlands | alt_name = Bangweulu Swamps | iucn_category = | photo = Bangweulu Swamps.jpg | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = View of the wetlands | map = Zambia | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of the Bangweulu Wetlands in Zambia | relief = 1 | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|11|36|S|30|05|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area = | area_ha = | area_acre = | area_km2 = 9,850 | area_sqmi = | area_ref = | elevation = | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = | named_for = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = | website = | url = | child = }} The Bangweulu Wetlands is a wetland ecosystem adjacent to Lake Bangweulu in north-eastern Zambia. The area has been designated as one of the world's most important wetlands by the Ramsar Convention, and an "Important Bird Area" by BirdLife International. African Parks began managing Bangweulu in partnership with Zambia's Department of National Parks and Wildlife with the establishment of the Bangweulu Wetland Management Board in August 2008. OverviewBangweulu, which means "where the water sky meets the sky", is located mostly within Zambia's Northern Province and recognized by the Ramsar Convention as one of the world's most important wetlands.[1] The {{Convert|9,850|km2|sqmi|adj=on}}[2] region has floodplains, seasonally flooded grasslands, woodlands,[3] and permanent swamps fed by the Chambeshi, Luapula, Lukulu, and Lulimala rivers.[1] The nonprofit conservation organization African Parks manages a {{Convert|6000|km2|sqmi|adj=on}} area of the greater Bangweulu ecosystem.[4] Flora and faunaThe ecosystem has Cyperus papyrus, floating grasses, miombo woodland,[5] and reeds that support large populations of crocodiles, fish, and water birds. Mammals include buffalo, Burchell's zebra, bushbuck, common tsessebe, elephants, hippopotamus, hyenas, jackals, migrating lechwe, oribi, reedbuck, roan and sable antelope, and sitatunga.[1][3][5][6] Bangweulu has the only remaining significant population of the black lechwe.[7] There were an estimated 35,000 reported in 2005, and approximately 75,000 in 2012.[3] Millions of straw-coloured fruit bats migrate to Bangweulu's Mushitu swamp forest, in Kasanka National Park.[8] In 2016, African Parks partnered with Fondation Segré to relocate 600 animals, including hartebeest, impala, and puku, into the wetlands.[9] {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=250| image1 = 20160605 0400 Bangweulu Bec-ouvert africain.jpg | width1=1500 | height1=1000 | image2 = 20160605 0196 Bangweulu Hirondelle a collier.jpg | width2=1500 | height2=1000 | image3 = 20160604 0015 Bangweulu Grue caronculee.jpg | width3=1500 | height3=1000 | image4 = 20160605 0253 Bangweulu Guepier a collier bleu (cropped).jpg | width4=537 | height4=589 | footer = A variety of bird species live in Bangweulu, including the African openbill, banded martin, blue-breasted bee-eater, and wattled crane (displayed clockwise from top left), photographed in the wetlands in 2016 }} Bangweulu has been designated as an "Important Bird Area" by BirdLife International.[3] The wetlands are home to more than 400 bird species,[5] including cormorants, ducks, egrets, geese, herons, ibises, pygmy goose, and waders.[1] Most notable is the shoebill, a vulnerable species threatened by habitat burning for farming, competition with fisheries, wildlife trade, and other disturbances.[1][10] Other species recorded in Bangweulu include the great white pelican, saddle-billed stork, spoonbill, and wattled crane.[1][11] Human–wildlife conflictBangweulu encompasses several villages, and an estimated 50,000–90,000 people depend on the wetlands, resulting in human–wildlife conflict.[1][12] The ecosystem is threatened by habitat burning for farming, overfishing, and poaching.[1] 75 poachers were arrested in 2010, and 115 were arrested in 2011.[1] The increased use of mosquito nets for fishing has decreased fish populations in Bangweulu and throughout Zambia.[13] HistoryThe Bangweulu Wetlands ecosystem was first described in the 1940s.[14] Management and partnershipsIn 2008, African Parks began managing Bangweulu with the establishment of the Bangweulu Wetland Management Board, which includes representation by African Parks, the Zambia Wildlife Authority, and six community members.[1] Funding was secured by African Parks and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Through this partnership, African Parks is responsible for all management and operations of Bangweulu, including law enforcement, community development, biodiversity conservation, infrastructure and economic development.[1] This public-private and community partnership is part of the Community Partnership Park concept created by the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environment Protection and Zambia Wildlife Authority's "Reclassification and Effective Management of National Protected Areas System" (REMNPAS) project.[3] According to UNDP, the project seeks to "improve the management of existing Protected Areas through law enforcement and to propose new protected area categories to ensure the community owns and manages the natural resources in a sustainable manner".[3] Past partners supporting Bangweulu Wetlands include the Bangweulu Wetlands Management Board and Kasanka Trust; current major funders supporting Bangweuu include WWF-The Netherlands, WWF-Zambia, and the Zambian Department of National Parks and Wildlife, according to African Parks.[1][15] The Working for Water Project's mission is to survey and protect Africa's major wetlands, including Bangweulu, the Niger and Okavango deltas, and Sudd and Zambezi.[1] The University of Cape Town's Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology has worked to create conservation plans for the shoebill.[1] African Parks and Fondation Segré's "Bangweulu Wetlands Wildlife Reintroduction Project" was initiated in 2016 and seeks to "recreate an ecologically viable protected area with the capacity to become sustainable".[9] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|last1=Boyes|first1=Steve|title=Working for Water: The Bangweulu Wetlands and Africa's Shoebill…|url=https://voices.nationalgeographic.org/2012/12/07/working-for-water-the-bangweulu-wetlands-and-africas-shoebill/|website=National Geographic|accessdate=10 October 2017|date=7 December 2012}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=William|title=Zambia and Victoria Falls|date=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtRSM4h-TRgC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2017|isbn=9781845378134}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands "Where the water meets the sky"|url=http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=10 October 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands|url=https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-06/African_Parks_Bangweulu_Fact_Sheet.pdf|publisher=African Parks|accessdate=4 December 2017|format=PDF}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Lonely Planet Zambia, Mozambique & Malawi|date=1 June 2013|publisher=Lonely Planet|page=204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL1pVdwpTWYC&pg=PT204&lpg=PT204&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 October 2017|first1=Mary|last1=Fitzpatrick|first2=Michael|last2=Grosberg|first3=Trent|last3=Holden|first4=Kate|last4=Morgan|first5=Nick|last5=Ray|first6=Richard|last6=Waters|isbn=9781743216453}} 6. ^{{cite news|last1=Chisha|first1=Christine|title=Malama set to make a difference|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/malama-set-to-make-a-difference/|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=Zambia Daily Mail|date=23 October 2016}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Kamweneshe|first1=Bernard Mwila|title=Ecology, Conservation and Management of the Black Lechwe (Kobus Leche Smithemani) in the Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|date=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag_soQEACAAJ&dq|accessdate=11 October 2017|publisher=University of Pretoria}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Weaver|first1=Tony|title=Eight Million New Wonders of the World|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173750/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=3 April 2018|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=Cape Times|publisher=Sekunjalo Investments|date=11 November 2011|location=Cape Town|via=HighBeam Research|subscription=yes}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands Wildlife Reintroduction Project|url=http://www.fondationsegre.org/bangweulu-wetlands-wildlife-reintroduction-project/|publisher=Fondation Segré|accessdate=10 October 2017}} 10. ^Shoebill* {{Cite journal|title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (Balaeniceps rex) in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia|date=March 2015|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–9|journal=Waterbirds|doi=10.1675/063.038.0102|first1=Ralf H. E.|last1=Mullers|first2=Arjun|last2=Amar}}* {{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270545739|title=Shoebill Balaeniceps rex foraging behaviour in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia|date=May 2015|doi=10.2989/00306525.2014.977364|journal=Ostrich|volume=86|pages=113–118|first1=Ralf|last1=Mullers|first2=Arjun|last2=Amar|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=Kamweneshe|first1=Bernard M.|title=Status of Ecology of Wattled Cranes in Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|url=https://www.savingcranes.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/pp261-265.pdf|accessdate=10 October 2017|pages=261–265|via=International Crane Foundation}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=McIntyre|first1=Chris|title=Zambia|date=5 July 2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69c5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2017|isbn=9781784770129}} 13. ^{{cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|title=Meant to Keep Malaria Out, Mosquito Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/africa/mosquito-nets-for-malaria-spawn-new-epidemic-overfishing.html|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=The New York Times|date=24 January 2015|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}} 14. ^{{cite journal|title=Present-day African analogue of a pre-European Amazonian floodplain fishery shows convergence in cultural niche construction|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=27 December 2016|volume=113|issue=52|pages=14,938–14,943|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/113/52/14938.full|accessdate=11 October 2017|first1=Doyle B.|last1=McKey|first2=Mélisse|last2=Durécu|first3=Marc|last3=Pouilly|first4=Philippe|last4=Béarez|first5=Alex|last5=Ovando|first6=Mashuta|last6=Kaleb|first7=Carl F.|last7=Huchzermeyer|oclc=43473694}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Partners: Bangweulu|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu/partners|publisher=African Parks|accessdate=11 October 2017}} Further reading
External links{{External media| video1 = [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/video/river-monsters-clip-1/ Video: Zambia's Bangweulu Wetlands], National Geographic Society }}
5 : African Parks (organisation)|Conservation in Zambia|Floodplains of Africa|Lake Bangweulu|Wetlands of Zambia |
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