| 词条 | Baram River |
| 释义 |
| name = Baram River | name_native = Sungai Baram , Telang Usan | image = Mündung des Baram.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Mouth of Sungai Baram with black water plume | source1_location = Borneo | mouth_location = at Miri into South China Sea | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Malaysia | progression = | length = {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = Sea level | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|22100|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}[1] | river_system = | tributaries_left = Tutoh River, Temala River, Pelutan River, Patah River, Akah River, Buang River, Selaan River, Serungo River | tributaries_right =Arang River, Tinjar River, Julan River, Silat River, Moh River }} The Baram River ({{lang-ms|Sungai Baram}}) is a river in Sarawak on the island of Borneo. The river originates in the Kelabit Highlands, a watershed demarcated by the Iran Mountains of East Kalimantan, which form a natural border with Sarawak. The river flows westwards through tropical rainforest to the South China Sea.[2][3] The Baram River terminates in a delta, which is subdivided into two units: East Barma Delta of Middle-Late Miocene age and West Baram Delta of Late Miocene-Quaternary age.[4] The western unit is composed of mudstones enriched in organic components (total organic carbon content is more than 1.0 wt.%) which constitute substantial oil and gas reserves.[5] The Baram river basin has been part of Sarawak since it was ceded to the White Rajah of Sarawak by the then sultan of Brunei in 1882, an area of some {{convert|10000|sqmi|km2|-4}}, for a perpetual annual payment of 6000 dollars.[6] The river is crossed not far from its mouth by the Miri-Baram Highway, Federal Route {{JKR|22}}, on the Batang Baram Bridge opened in 2003. Some 100 km upstream lies the town of Marudi.[7] EtymologyBatang (meaning "trunk" in Malay) is the name used for the main river in the river system such as "Batang Baram" (Baram river). For upriver areas, such as the areas surrounding the headwaters, the place is named as "Ulu" (which means "upriver"). For example, "Ulu Baram" is the upriver part of the Baram river.[8] "Long" meaning "confluence" is used by the Orang Ulu (upriver people). It is used to name the places located at the confluence between the smaller tributaries and the major river, same way as the Malay usage of the name "Kuala" (meaning river delta). The name "Pa'" (meaning "village") is exclusively used in the Kelabit Highlands such as "Pa Umor" village in Bario.[8]References1. ^Ministry of Natural Reserves and Environment, Malaysia: National Water Resources Study, Vol. 29 - Sarawak (PDF; 72,3 MB) page 74 2. ^{{cite book|title=Histories of the Borneo Environment|author= Reed L. Wadley|year=2005|publisher=KITLV Press|isbn=90-6718-254-0}} 3. ^Louisiana State University 4. ^{{Cite book|title=Geology of North-West Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah|last=Hutchison|first=Charles|publisher=Elsevier|year=2005|isbn=978-0-444-51998-6|location=Amsterdam|pages=}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Togunwa|first=Olayinka|last2=Abdullah|first2=Wan|date=2017-08-10|title=Geochemical characterization of Neogene sediments from onshore West Baram Delta Province, Sarawak: paleoenvironment, source input and thermal maturity|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/geo.2017.9.issue-1/geo-2017-0025/geo-2017-0025.xml?format=INT|journal=Open Geosciences|volume=9|issue=1|pages=302-313|doi=10.1515/geo-2017-0025|issn=2391-5447|via=}} 6. ^The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, retrieved 22-05-2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022745/http://explorion.net/ch.hose-w.mcdougall-pagan-tribes-borneo-1/page-228.html |date=September 28, 2007 }} 7. ^{{Cite news|title=处处垃圾 影响环境 美里河污染严重 (Garbage everywhere Miri River environmental pollution) |date=15 June 2014 |language=Chinese |newspaper=Xinhua Daily (Shihua News) |url=http://www.seehua.com/node/112847&usg=ALkJrhiM3BEWiMvf2H4G_n6Die8KJvK6NQ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616051119/http://www.seehua.com/node/112847%26usg%3DALkJrhiM3BEWiMvf2H4G_n6Die8KJvK6NQ |archivedate=16 June 2014 |deadurl=no }} 8. ^1 {{cite web |title=Sarawak place names |url=https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/malaysia/sarawak/sarawak-place-names/ |publisher=Rough Guides |accessdate=9 October 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009214328/https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/malaysia/sarawak/sarawak-place-names/ |archivedate=9 October 2018}} External links
1 : Rivers of Sarawak |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。