词条 | Bodhicitta |
释义 |
| title = Bodhicitta | en = Enlightenment-mind | pi = | bn = | my = | my-Latn = | zh = 菩提心 | zh-Latn = putixin | ja = 菩提心 | ja-Latn = bodaishin | km = ពោធិចិត្ត |km-Latn= pothichet | ko = 보리심 | ko-Latn = borisim | lo = | mnw = | mnw-Latn = | mongolian_name =бодь сэтгэл | shn = | shn-Latn = | si = | si-Latn = | ta = | th = | th-Latn = | bo = བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས | bo-Latn = byang chub kyi sems | vi = Bồ-đề tâm | id = | sa =बोधिचित्त }} In Buddhism, bodhicitta,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|For definitions of the components of the term see Wiktionary: bodhi and citta.}} "enlightenment-mind", is the mind that strives toward awakening, empathy, and compassion for the benefit of all sentient beings.[1] EtymologyEtymologically, the word is a combination of the Sanskrit words bodhi and citta. Bodhi means "awakening" or "enlightenment". Citta derives from the Sanskrit root cit, and means "that which is conscious" (i.e., mind or consciousness). Bodhicitta may be translated as "awakening mind" or "mind of enlightenment".[2] SpontaneityBodhicitta is a spontaneous wish to attain enlightenment motivated by great compassion for all sentient beings, accompanied by a falling away of the attachment to the illusion of an inherently existing self.[3] The mind of great compassion and bodhicitta motivates one to attain enlightenment Buddhahood, as quickly as possible and benefit infinite sentient beings through their emanations and other skillful means. Bodhicitta is a felt need to replace others' suffering with bliss. Since the ultimate end of suffering is nirvana, bodhicitta necessarily involves a motivation to help others to awaken (to find bodhi).[3] A person who has a spontaneous realization or motivation of bodhicitta is called a bodhisattva. LevelsDifferent schools may demonstrate alternative understandings of bodhicitta. Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche and Surya Das, both Nyingma masters of the non-sectarian Rime movement, distinguish between relative and absolute (or ultimate) bodhicitta.[4] Relative bodhicitta is a state of mind in which the practitioner works for the good of all beings as if it were their own.[4] Absolute bodhicitta is the wisdom of shunyata[4] (śunyatā, a Sanskrit term often translated as "emptiness", though the alternatives "vast expanse" or "openness" or "spaciousness" probably convey the idea better to Westerners).[5] The concept of śunyatā in Buddhism also implies freedom from attachments{{refn|group=lower-alpha|particularly attachment to the idea of a static or essential self}} and from fixed ideas about the world and how it should be.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The classic text on śunyatā is the {{IAST|Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya Sūtra}}, a discourse of the Buddha commonly referred to as the "Heart Sūtra".}} Some bodhicitta practices emphasize the absolute (e.g. vipaśyanā), while others emphasize the relative (e.g. metta), but both aspects are seen in all Mahāyāna practice as essential to enlightenment, especially in the Tibetan practices of tonglen[6] and lojong.[3] Without the absolute, the relative can degenerate into pity and sentimentality, whereas the absolute without the relative can lead to nihilism and lack of desire to engage other sentient beings for their benefit. In his book Words of My Perfect Teacher, the Tibetan Buddhist teacher Patrul Rinpoche describes three degrees of bodhicitta:[7] The way of the King, who primarily seeks his own benefit but who recognizes that his benefit depends crucially on that of his kingdom and his subjects. The path of the boatman, who ferries his passengers across the river and simultaneously, of course, ferries himself as well, and finally that of the shepherd, who makes sure that all his sheep arrive safely ahead of him and places their welfare above his own. Origins and developmentUse in early MahāyānaDescribing use of the term bodhicitta in Tibetan Buddhism, Paul Williams writes that the term is used differently in early Mahāyāna works, referring to a state of mind in which a bodhisattva carries out actions: {{quote|We are describing here the late systematized Indo-Tibetan Mahāyāna. It seems that in the relatively early Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra, for example, the bodhicitta is a much vaguer concept, more "a certain state of mind" in which a Bodhisattva acts (Nattier 2003a: 148). [...] Pagel points out that many Mahāyāna sūtras, including the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, hold that the arising of bodhicitta (bodhicittotpāda) is not simply a static thing that occurs just at the beginning of the Bodhisattva path. Rather it is continuously retaken and evolves through practice.[8]}}Late Mahāyāna textsAmong the most important later source texts on bodhicitta, used by traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, are:
PracticeMahayana Buddhism propagates the Bodhisattva-ideal, in which the Six perfections are being practiced. Arousing bodhicitta is part of this Bodhisattva-ideal. IdealIn Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna Buddhism, the goal of Buddhist practice is primarily to be reborn infinite numbers of times to liberate all those other beings still trapped in samsāra. ParamitasMahāyāna Buddhism teaches that the broader motivation of achieving one's own enlightenment "in order to help all sentient beings" is the best possible motivation one can have for any action, whether it be working in one's vocation, teaching others, or even making an incense offering. The Six Perfections (Pāramitās) of Buddhism only become true "perfections" when they are done with the motivation of bodhicitta. Thus, the action of giving (Skt. dāna) can be done in a mundane sense, or it can be a Pāramitā if it is conjoined with bodhicitta. Bodhicitta is the primary positive factor to be cultivated. CultivationThe Mahāyāna-tradition provides specific methods for the intentional cultivation of both absolute and relative bodhicitta. This cultivation is considered to be one of the most difficult aspects of the path to complete awakening. Practitioners of the Mahāyāna make it their primary goal to develop a genuine, uncontrived bodhicitta which remains within their mindstreams continuously without having to rely on conscious effort. Among the many methods for developing uncontrived Bodhicitta given in Mahāyāna teachings are:
Two Practice LineagesTibetan Buddhists maintain that there are two main ways to cultivate Bodhichitta, the "Seven Causes and Effects" that originates from Maitreya and was taught by Atisha, and "Exchanging Self and Others," taught by Shantideva and originally by Manjushri. According to Tsongkapa the seven causes and effects are thus:
According to Pabongka Rinpoche the second method consists of the following meditations:[11][12]
UniversalityThe practice and realization of bodhicitta are independent of sectarian considerations, since they are fundamentally a part of the human experience. Bodhisattvas are not only recognized in the Theravāda school of Buddhism,[13] but in all other religious traditions and among those of no formal religious tradition. The present fourteenth Dalai Lama, for instance, regarded Mother Teresa as one of the greatest modern bodhisattvas.[14] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book|last=Das|first=Surya|authorlink=Surya Das|title=Awakening the Buddha Within: Tibetan Wisdom for the Western World|publisher=Broadway Books|year=1998|pages=145-146|ISBN=0-76790157-6}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Das|first=Surya|authorlink=Surya Das|title=Awakening the Buddha Within: Tibetan Wisdom for the Western World|publisher=Broadway Books|year=1998|pages=149|ISBN=0-76790157-6}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Norman|authorlink=Zoketsu Norman Fischer|title=Training in Compassion: Zen Teachings on the Practice of Lojong|publisher=Shambhala Publications|year=2013|page=11|ISBN=9781611800401}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Khenpo|first1=Nyoshul|authorlink1=Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche|last2=Das|first2=Surya|authorlink2=Surya Das|title=Natural Great Perfection|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|year=1995|page=56|ISBN=1-55939-049-2}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Trungpa|first=Chogyam|authorlink=Chogyam Trungpa|title=Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism|publisher=Shambhala Publications|pages=197-199|ISBN=978-1570629570}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=The Practice of Tonglen|url=http://old-shambhala.shambhala.org/teachers/pema/tonglen1.php|publisher=Shambhala International|accessdate=April 3, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212020123/http://old-shambhala.shambhala.org/teachers/pema/tonglen1.php|archivedate=February 12, 2015|df=}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Rinpoche|first=Patrul|authorlink=Patrul Rinpoche|title=Words of My Perfect Teacher|publisher=Shambhala Publications|page=218|year=1998|ISBN=1-57062412-7}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Paul|title=Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|page=355|ISBN=9781134250578}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/resources/37_practices_bodhisattva.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603034457/http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/resources/37_practices_bodhisattva.html|title=The Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva|archivedate=June 3, 2004|accessdate=April 3, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prisonmindfulness.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/EightVerses.pdf|title=Eight Verses for Training the Mind|publisher=Prison Mindfulness Institute|accessdate=April 3, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Tsongkapa|title=The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment Volume 2|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|year=2004|page=28|ISBN=978-1559391689}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Rinpoche|first=Pabongka|title=Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand|publisher=Wisdom Publications|year=1991|page=598|ISBN=978-0861711260}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Dhammananda|first1=K. Sri|authorlink1=K. Sri Dhammananda|last2=Maha Thera|first2=Piyadassi|authorlink2=Piyadassi Maha Thera|title=Gems of Buddhist Wisdom|publisher=Buddhist Missionary Society|year=1983|pages=461-471|ISBN=978-9679920048}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Dalai Lama|title=An Open Heart: Practicing Compassion in Everyday Life|publisher=Back Bay Books|year=2002|page=23|ISBN=978-0316930932}} References{{reflist|2}}Further reading
External links{{wiktionary|Bodhicitta}}
2 : Buddhist terminology|Mahayana |
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