1. History

2. San Bartolo Coyotepec

3. Objects made with barro negro

4. Process

5. References

History

The origins of barro negro pottery extend over centuries, with examples of it found at archeological sites, fashioned mostly into jars and other utilitarian items. It has remained a traditional crafts of the Zapotecs and Mixtecs of the Central Valleys area to the present day.^[4][5] Originally barro negro pottery was matte and grayish. In this form, the pottery is very sturdy, allowing it to be hit without breaking.^[5]

In the 1950s, Doña Rosa Real discovered that she could change the color and shine of the pieces by polishing the clay pieces and firing them at a slightly lower temperature. Just before the formed clay piece is completely dry, it is polished with a quartz stone to compress the surface. After firing, the piece emerges a shiny black instead of a dull gray.^[3][5] This innovation makes the pieces more breakable, but it has made the pottery far more popular with Mexican folk art collectors, including Nelson Rockefeller, who promoted it in the United States.^[7] The popularity stems from the look, rather than wearability, so many pieces are produced now for decorative purposes rather than utility.^[3][5] Doña Rosa died in 1980, but the tradition of making the pottery is being carried on by her daughter and grandchildren who stage demonstrations for tourists in their local potters' workshop.^[5][8] The workshop is still in the family home, where shelves and shelves of shiny black pieces for sale line the inner courtyard.^[9] Despite being the origin of black polished clay, pieces at this workshop are much cheaper than in other parts of Mexico.^[10]

Another important person in the development and promotion of barro negro is Carlomagno Pedro Martinez. He was born in San Bartolo Coyotepec into a pottery-making family. He was named after Charlemagne by his grandmother, who was an admirer of the king.^[20] From a young age, he showed talent in fashioning figures in clay. When he was grown, he attended the Fine Arts Workshop of Rufino Tamayo in Oaxaca city. He has become the first potter/sculptor in the medium, winning his first recognition in 1985 for his work. His fame increased with his development of human skulls made of barro negro in the years that followed.^[6] Each piece Carlomagno makes is unique, but themes such as oral histories, indigenous legends, Christianity and death, called "our grandmother," recur.^[20] In Mexico, he has exhibited his work in dozens of expositions and has won three national-level awards. His work has been featured in five books.^[20] Martinez’s work has been exhibited in the United States, Colombia, Argentina, Lebanon, Germany, Spain, and Japan, with one of his latest exhibits in New York in 2008. In that same year, he created a mural in barro negro at the Baseball Academy in San Bartolo Coyotepec sponsored by the Alfredo Harp Helú Foundation.^[6]

San Bartolo Coyotepec

The craft is made in San Bartolo Coyotepec and a large number of small communities in the surrounding valley, where the clay that gives it its color is found.^[5][11] This community is located {{Convert|11|km|mi}} south of the city of Oaxaca,^[5] with about 600 families in the area dedicated to the craft.^[4] In addition to a number of family workshops, including Doña Rosa's, the Mercado de Artesanias in an important attraction which brings visitors from many parts of Mexico and other countries. A group of fourteen people exhibit and sell barro negro objects. Some of these products include vases, animal figures and jars. Demonstrations of pottery making are held as well.^[12] In 2005, the Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca(State Museum of Popular Art) was opened here. It has one of its three halls dedicated to barro negro, with pieces from the Monte Alban era to the present day.^[4] In 2009, San Bartolo Coyotepec held its first Feria Artesanal de Barro Negro (Crafts Fair of Barro Negro) with the participation of over 150 artisans.^[13]

Objects made with barro negro

Many different kinds of objects are made of barro negro including pots, whistles, flutes, bells, masks, lamps, animal figures with most being of a decorative nature and not for the storage of food and water.^[5] One exception to this is the use of cantaros from San Bartolo Coyotepec to age and store mezcal at many distilleries. These large jars are not polished and retain the ancient gray matte, which allows them to be resistant to liquid.^[14] Another quality the gray matte version has is that it can be struck similar to a bell, and the cantaros are also used as musical instruments. The sound produced is crystalline.^[2][4]

Another famous barro negro object is the "mezcal monkey" (chango mezcalero). This is a vessel created for the alcoholic liquor mezcal in the shape of a monkey. It is made to hold between 700 ml and 1 liter of the liquid with a cork or corncob stopper. It is either painted in bright colors or left grayish with detailed etchings. Valente Nieto, the sole surviving progeny of Doña Rosa states that his family created the mezcal monkey and no one else. He claims that his father was a gifted sculptor, and mezcal owners came to their property requesting novelty bottles for the alcoholic beverage. The monkey as well as other animal shapes were created. However, another family, that of Marcelo Simon Galan, also claim to have created the container. His surviving granddaughter says that he made the shape at the request of a customer. An example of Galan’s work is on display at the Museo de Arte Popular de Oaxaca in San Bartolo Coyotepec.^[7]

Process

The color of barro negro is due to the properties of the clay, and is not colored.^[2] The earth used to extract the clay is cleaned to remove impurities, which can take a month of soaking and settling out the clay from the rest of the soil.^[3] After this process, each piece takes about twenty days to complete.^[5]

Traditionally, the clay is molded on plates balanced on rocks to that they can be spun by hand. Modern potters’ tools are not used.^[5] Large pieces, such as cantaros are fashioned from the bottom up adding clay as the piece grows.^[3] After it is shaped, the pieces are set to dry in a well-insulated room to protect them from sudden changes in temperature.^[5] Drying can take up to three weeks. If the piece is to be polished so that it turns out shiny black when finished, it is polished when the piece is almost dry. The surface of the piece is lightly moistened and then rubbed with a curved quartz stone. This compacts the surface of the clay and creates the metallic sheen and dark color during firing.^[3][5] This is also the stage when decorative accents such as clay flowers or small handles are added. The designs of barro negro objects are unique to this area.^[3]

The pieces are then fired in underground pits or above ground kilns, using wood fires that heat the objects to between 700 and 800 °C.^[5][15] When they emerge, the polished pieces are a shiny black and the unpolished ones have a grey matte finish.^[3]

References

• International Adresscode
• International Adult and Continuing Education Hall of Fame
• International Aeronautical Federation
• International Aerospace Abstracts & Database
• International affairs
• International Affairs Review
• International Affective Picture System
• International African Friends of Abyssinia
• International African Friends of Ethiopia
• International agencies
• International Age Rating Coalition
• International Aging Research Portfolio
• International Agreement on Olive Oil
• International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives
• International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives (2005)
• International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears
• International Agriculture Students Symposium
• International Aid
• International AIDS Conference in Durban
• International aid to Afghan women
• International aid to the Palestinian National Authority
• International Aikido Federation
• International Airline of New Caledonia
• International Airlines Group destinations
• International Airport Centers LLC v. Citrin