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词条 Bartonella quintana
释义

  1. Genome

  2. Background and characteristics

  3. Pathophysiology

  4. Ecology and epidemiology

  5. Clinical manifestations

  6. Diagnosis and treatment

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = Bartonella quintana
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain = Bacteria
| phylum = Proteobacteria
| classis = Alphaproteobacteria
| ordo = Rhizobiales
| familia = Bartonellaceae
| genus = Bartonella
| species = B. quintana
| binomial = Bartonella quintana
| binomial_authority = (Schmincke 1917) Brenner et al. 1993
| synonyms =
  • Rochalimaea quintana
    (Schmincke 1917) Krieg 1961
  • Wolhynia qintanae
    Zhdanov and Korenblit 1950
  • Rickettsia wolhynica
    Jungmann and Kuczynski 1918
  • Rickettsia weigli
    Mosing 1936
  • Rickettsia quintana
    Schmincke 1917
  • Rickettsia pediculi
    Munk and da Rocha-Lima 1917
  • {{nowrap|Burnetia (Rocha-limae) wolhynica}}
    Macchiavello 1947

| synonyms_ref = [1]
}}Bartonella quintana, originally known as Rochalimaea quintana,[2] and "Rickettsia quintana",[3] is a micro-organism transmitted by the human body louse.[4] This microorganism is the causative agent of the well known trench fever.[4] This bacterium caused outbreaks of trench fever affecting 1 million soldiers in Europe during World War I.[5]

Genome

B. quintana has an estimated genome size of 1,700 to 2,174 kb.[6]

Background and characteristics

B. quintana is a fastidious, aerobic, Gram-negative(-), pole rod-shaped (bacillus) bacterium. The infection caused by this microorganism, trench fever, was first documented in soldiers during World War I, but has now been seen Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Its primary vector is known to be Pediculus humanus variety corporis, also known as the human body louse.[7] It was first known to be isolated in axenic culture by J.W. Vinson in 1960, from a patient in Mexico City. He then followed Koch's postulates, infecting volunteers with the bacterium, showing consistent symptoms and clinical manifestations of trench fever. The medium best for growing this bacterium is blood-enriched in an atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide.[3]

Pathophysiology

Humans are the only known animal host for this bacterium in vivo. It infects endothelial cells and can infect erythrocytes by binding and entering with a large vacuole. Once inside, they begin to proliferate and cause nuclear atypia (intraerythrocytic B.quintana colonization).[8] This leads to apoptosis being suppressed, proinflammatory cytokines are released, and vascular proliferation increases. All of these processes result in patients possessing systemic symptoms (chills, fever, diaphoresis), bacteremia, and lymphatic enlargement. A major role in B. quintana infection is its lipopolysaccharide covering which is an antagonist of the toll-like receptor 4.[9] The reason this infection might persist is because this organism also results in monocytes overproducing interleukin-10 (IL-10), thus weakening the immune response. B. quintana also induces lesions seen in bacillary angiomatosis that protrude into vascular lumina, often occluding blood flow. The enhanced growth of these cells is believed to be due to the secretion of angiogenic factors, thus inducing neovascularization. Release of an icosahedral particle, 40 nm in length, has been detected in cultures of B. quintana's close relative, B. henselae. This particle contains a 14-kb linear DNA segment, but its function in Bartonella pathophysiology is still unknown.[10]

In trench fever or B. quintana-induced endocarditis patients, bacillary angiomatosis lesions are also seen. Notably, endocarditis is a new manifestation of the infection, not seen in World War I troops.

Ecology and epidemiology

B. quintana infection has subsequently been seen in every continent except Antarctica. Local infections have been associated with risk factors such as poverty, alcoholism, and homelessness. Serological evidence of B. quintana infection showed, of hospitalized homeless patients, 16% were infected, as opposed to 1.8% of nonhospitalized homeless persons, and 0% of blood donors at large.[11] Lice have been demonstrated, as of recently, to be the key component in transmitting B. quintana.[12][13]

This has been attributed to living in unsanitary conditions and crowded areas, where the risk of coming into contact with other individuals carrying B. quintana and ectoparasites (body lice) is increased. Also noteworthy, the increasing migration worldwide may also play a role in spreading trench fever, from areas where it is endemic to susceptible populations in urban areas. Recent concern is the possibility of the emergence of new strains of B. quintana through horizontal gene transfer, which could result in the acquisition of other virulence factors.[7]

Clinical manifestations

The clinical manifestations of B. quintana infection are highly variable. The incubation period is now known to be 5–20 days;[14][15] it was originally thought to be 3–38 days. The infection can start as an acute onset of a febrile episode, relapsing febrile episodes, or as a persistent typhoidal illness; commonly seen are maculopapular rashes, conjunctivitis, headache, and myalgias, with splenomegaly being less common. Most patients present with pain in the lower legs (shins), sore muscles of the legs and back, and hyperaesthesia of the shins. Rarely is B. quintana infection fatal, unless endocarditis develops and goes untreated. Weight loss, and thrombocytopenia are sometimes also seen. Recovery can take up to a month.

Diagnosis and treatment

To have a definite diagnosis of infection with B. quintana requires either serological cultures or nucleic acid amplification techniques. To differentiate between different species, immunofluorescence assays that use mouse antisera are used, as well as DNA hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or citrate synthase gene sequencing.[16] Treatment usually consists of a 4- to 6-week course of doxycycline, erythromycin, or azithromycin.[17][18]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=803 |title=Bartonella quintana |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |accessdate=November 10, 2013}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8096 |title=Definition of Bartonella quintana |accessdate=May 3, 2011 |publisher=MedicineNet| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234618/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8096| archivedate= 5 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal |pmid=10913410 |year=2000 |last1=Ohl |first1=ME |last2=Spach |first2=DH |title=Bartonella quintana and urban trench fever |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=131–5 |doi=10.1086/313890 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal |first1=Laurie G. |last1=O'Rourke |first2=Christian |last2=Pitulle |first3=Barbara C. |last3=Hegarty |first4=Sharon |last4=Kraycirik |first5=Karen A. |last5=Killary |first6=Paul |last6=Grosenstein |first7=James W. |last7=Brown |first8=Edward B. |last8=Breitschwerdt |title=Bartonella quintana in Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |pmid=16485482 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol11no12/03-0045.htm |year=2005 |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1931–4 |doi=10.3201/eid1112.030045}}
5. ^{{cite journal |first1=Lisa A. |last1=Jackson |first2=David H. |last2=Spach |title=Emergence of Bartonella quintana Infection among Homeless Persons |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |pmid=8903217 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no2/jackson.htm |year=1996 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=141–4 |pmc=2639836 |doi=10.3201/eid0202.960212}}
6. ^{{cite journal |pmid=7650189 |url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7650189 |year=1995 |last1=Roux |first1=V |last2=Raoult |first2=D |title=Inter- and intraspecies identification of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1573–9 |pmc=228218 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology}}
7. ^1 {{cite journal |pmid=8809460 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809460 |year=1996 |last1=Maurin |first1=M |last2=Raoult |first2=D |title=Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=273–92 |pmc=172893 |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews}}
8. ^{{cite journal |pages=1140–1 |doi=10.1016/0046-8177(93)90196-N |title=Endocarditis caused by Rochalimaea henselae |year=1993 |last1=Hadfield |first1=T.L. |last2=Warren |first2=R. |last3=Kass |first3=M. |last4=Brun |first4=E. |last5=Levy |first5=C. |journal=Human Pathology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pmid=8406424}}
9. ^{{cite journal |pages=4831–7 |doi=10.1128/IAI.00237-07 |title=Bartonella quintana Lipopolysaccharide Is a Natural Antagonist of Toll-Like Receptor 4 |year=2007 |last1=Popa |first1=C. |last2=Abdollahi-Roodsaz |first2=S. |last3=Joosten |first3=L. A. B. |last4=Takahashi |first4=N. |last5=Sprong |first5=T. |last6=Matera |first6=G. |last7=Liberto |first7=M. C. |last8=Foca |first8=A. |last9=Van Deuren |first9=M. |last10=Kullberg |first10=B. J. |last11=Van Den Berg |first11=W. B. |last12=Van Der Meer |first12=J. W. M. |last13=Netea |first13=M. G. |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=75 |issue=10 |pmid=17606598 |pmc=2044526|display-authors=8 }}
10. ^{{cite journal |pages=909–20 |doi=10.1097/00000478-198911000-00001 |title=Bacillary Angiomatosis: The Histopathology and Differential Diagnosis of a Pseudoneoplastic Infection in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease |year=1989 |last1=Leboit |first1=Philip E. |last2=Berger |first2=Timothy G. |last3=Egbert |first3=Barbara M. |last4=Beckstead |first4=Jay H. |last5=Benedict Yen |first5=T. S. |last6=Stoler |first6=Mark H. |journal=The American Journal of Surgical Pathology |volume=13 |issue=11 |pmid=2802010|pmc=1003203 }}
11. ^{{cite journal |pages=756–9 |doi=10.1093/clinids/23.4.756 |title=Survey of the Seroprevalence of Bartonella quintana in Homeless People |year=1996 |last1=Brouqui |first1=P. |last2=Houpikian |first2=P. |last3=Dupont |first3=H. T. |last4=Toubiana |first4=P. |last5=Obadia |first5=Y. |last6=Lafay |first6=V. |last7=Raoult |first7=D. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=4 |pmid=8909840}}
12. ^{{cite journal |pages=1876–83 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199712253372603 |title=Molecular Epidemiology of Bartonella Infections in Patients with Bacillary Angiomatosis–Peliosis |year=1997 |last1=Koehler |first1=Jane E. |last2=Sanchez |first2=Melissa A. |last3=Garrido |first3=Claudia S. |last4=Whitfeld |first4=Margot J. |last5=Chen |first5=Frederick M. |last6=Berger |first6=Timothy G. |last7=Rodriguez-Barradas |first7=Maria C. |last8=Leboit |first8=Philip E. |last9=Tappero |first9=Jordan W. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=337 |issue=26 |pmid=9407154 }}
13. ^{{cite journal |pages=184–9 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199901213400303 |title=Chronic Bartonella quintana Bacteremia in Homeless Patients |year=1999 |last1=Brouqui |first1=Philippe |last2=Lascola |first2=Bernard |last3=Roux |first3=Veronique |last4=Raoult |first4=Didier |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=340 |issue=3 |pmid=9895398}}
14. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Vinson JW, Varela G, Molina-Pasquel C |title=Trench fever. 3. Induction of clinical disease in volunteers inoculated with Rickettsia quintana propagated on blood agar |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=713–22 |date=September 1969 |pmid=5810799 |doi= |url=}}
15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Badiaga S, Brouqui P |title=Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Infect. |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=332–7 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22360386 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03778.x |url=}}
16. ^{{cite journal |pages=605–9 |doi=10.1093/infdis/134.6.605 |title=A Passive Hemagglutination Test for Diagnosis of Trench Fever Due to Rochalimaea quintana |year=1976 |last1=Cooper |first1=M. D. |last2=Hollingdale |first2=M. R. |last3=Vinson |first3=J. W. |last4=Costa |first4=J. |journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=134 |issue=6 |pmid=63526}}
17. ^{{cite journal |pages=1587–93 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199012063232303 |title=A Newly Recognized Fastidious Gram-negative Pathogen as a Cause of Fever and Bacteremia |year=1990 |last1=Slater |first1=Leonard N. |last2=Welch |first2=David F. |last3=Hensel |first3=Diane |last4=Coody |first4=Danese W. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=323 |issue=23 |pmid=2233947}}
18. ^{{cite journal |pmid=6742814 |url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6742814 |year=1984 |last1=Myers |first1=WF |last2=Grossman |first2=DM |last3=Wisseman Jr |first3=CL |title=Antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Rochalimaea quintana, the agent of trench fever |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=690–3 |pmc=185624 |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |doi=10.1128/aac.25.6.690}}

External links

  • {{cite web |title=Bartonella quintana |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=803 |id=803}}
  • Type strain of Bartonella quintana at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q148561}}

2 : Bartonellaceae|Bacteria described in 1993
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