| 词条 | Basdeo Panday | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = The Honourable | image = Basdeo Panday.jpg | imagesize = | name = Basdeo Panday | honorific-suffix = PBS | caption = Sampson Nanton interviews Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Basdeo Panday in 1997. | office = 5th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago | term_start = 9 November 1995 | term_end = 24 December 2001 | president = Noor Hassanali A. N. R. Robinson | predecessor = Patrick Manning | successor = Patrick Manning | office2 = Leader of United National Congress | term_start2 =10 September 2006 | term_end2 = 24 January 2010 | predecessor2 = Winston Dookeran | successor2 = Kamla Persad-Bissessar | term_start3 = 16 October 1988 | term_end3 = 2 October 2005 | predecessor3 = Inaugural holder | successor3 = Winston Dookeran | office4 = Minister of Foreign Affairs | term_start4 = 12 January 1987 | term_end4 = 8 February 1988 | predecessor4 = Errol Mahabir | successor4 = Sahadeo Basdeo | office5 = Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago | term_start5 = 17 December 2007 | term_end5 = 24 February 2010 | predecessor5 = Kamla Persad-Bissessar | successor5 = Kamla Persad-Bissessar | term_start6 = 17 October 2002 | term_end6 = 23 April 2006 | predecessor6 = Patrick Manning | successor6 = Kamla Persad-Bissessar | term_start7 = 10 September 1990 | term_end7 = 8 November 1995 | predecessor7 = Patrick Manning | successor7 = Patrick Manning | term_start8 = 1976 | term_end8 = 29 October 1986 | predecessor8 = Raffique Shah | successor8 = Patrick Manning | office9 = Minister of National Security of Trinidad and Tobago | term_start9 = 25 January 2001 | term_end9 = 24 December 2001 | constituency_MP10 = Couva North | term_start10 = 25 February 2010 | term_end10 = 8 April 2010 | term_start11 = 5 April 2002 | term_end11 = 28 August 2002 | term_start12 = 24 September 1976 | term_end12 = 18 September 1981 | term_start13 = 9 February 1988 | term_end13 = 9 September 1990 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1933|05|25}} | birth_place = St. Julien Village, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago | father = Harry "Chote" Sookchand Panday |mother =Kissoondaye Panday | otherparty = Workers and Farmers Party United Labour Front National Alliance for Reconstruction |party=United National Congress (1989-present) | alma_mater = University of London Lincoln's Inn London School of Dramatic Art | spouse = Norma Mohammed (died 1981) Oma Ramkisson | children = Mickela Panday Nicola Panday Vastala Panday Niala Panday | relatives = Rabindranath Panday (brother) Subhas Panday (brother) Leela Panday (sister) | residence = Bryan’s Gate, Phillipine, Penal-Debe, Trinidad and Tobago[1] | occupation = Lawyer Politician Trade unionist Economist Actor Civil servant Teacher Clerk Electrician Laborer | nationality=Trinidadian and Tobagonian |citizenship=Trinidadian and Tobagonian |blank1=Religion |data1=Hinduism |nickname=The Silver Fox[2] | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}{{post-nominals|list=The Hon.}} Basdeo Panday {{post-nominals|list=PBS}} (born 25 May 1933) is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian lawyer, politician, trade unionist, economist, actor, civil servant, teacher, clerk, electrician, and laborer who served as Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1995 to 2001. He was the first Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. He was first elected to Parliament in 1976 as the Member for Couva North, Panday served as Leader of the Opposition five times between 1976 and 2010 and was a founding member of the United Labour Front (ULF), the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), and the United National Congress (UNC). He served as leader of the ULF and UNC, and was President General of the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union. He is the former Chairman and party leader of the United National Congress. In 2006, Panday was convicted of failing to declare a bank account in London and imprisoned; however, on March 20, 2007, that conviction was quashed by the Court of Appeal. On May 1 he decided to resign as Chairman of the United National Congress, but the party's executive refused to accept his resignation. He lost the party's internal elections on January 24, 2010 to Deputy Leader and now former Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar. In 2005, he was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman by the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. Early lifeBasdeo Panday was born on the 25 May 1933 in St. Julien Village, Princes Town, Victoria County, British Trinidad and Tobago (present-day Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago) to Harry "Chote" Sookchand and Kissoondaye Panday in a Hindu family.[3][4][5] His grandparents were from British India, and came under the Indian indenture system. His grandmother was from Laxmanpur, a farming village in the Azamgarh district of the Bhojpuri region in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh.[6][7][8] He attended New Grant Government School and St. Julien Presbyterian School.[9] He was later enrolled in Presentation College, San Fernando with help from his uncle Joseph Hardath Dube.[10] He later worked as a sugarcane weigher for year at Caroni Ltd. He then worked as a primary school teacher at Seereram Memorial Vedic School in Chaguanas and at St. Clement Vedic School in Barrackpore. He was also a civil servant at the San Fernando Magistrate’s Court where he took took notes for Magistrate Churchill Johnson and Magistrate Noor Mohamed Hassanali.[11] In 1957, Panday left Trinidad and Tobago to go to the United Kingdom to further his education. He obtained a degree in Drama from London School of Dramatic Art in 1960, a degree in Law from Lincoln's Inn in 1962, and a Bachelor of Science in Economics from University of London as an external student in 1965. While in the United Kingdom, Panday worked as a laborer on a building site, a clerk at the London County Council, and as an electrician to support himself through university. He also appeared in several acting roles, including Nine Hours to Rama (1963) and The Winston Affair (1964).[12] In 1965, he was awarded a Commonwealth scholarship to go to the Delhi School of Economics in India to pursue a post-graduate degree in economics and political science; however, he turned down the offer and returned to Trinidad and Tobago in 1965 to practice law because of family commitments and the changing political situation in the newly independent Trinidad and Tobago.[13][13] Political careerEarly yearsPanday's political career began in 1966, when he joined the Workers' and Farmers' Party and made an unsuccessful run for Parliament.[3][13] In 1972, he was appointed as an opposition senator.[13] The following year he was recruited to the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union (then the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union). He staged an internal coup, becoming the union's President General.[14] On February 8, 1975, amidst the backdrop of labour struggles, Panday met with fellow union leaders George Weekes and Raffique Shah. Together, they founded the United Labour Front.[15] All three were arrested on March 18 during an attempted march from San Fernando to Port-of-Spain, but were found not guilty on April 22 "on the charge of leading a public march without permission".[16] Panday won the Couva North seat in the 1976 general election, becoming an MP and official opposition leader.[17][18] The next year the party split into two factions and Panday was ousted as party leader in favour of Shah.[15][14] He was reinstated in 1978 after Winston Nanan, who previously supported Shah, defected to Panday and Shah resigned.[15][19] Following a poor performance in the 1980 local elections, Panday co-founded the Trinidad and Tobago National Alliance with A. N. R. Robinson of the Democratic Action Congress and Lloyd Best of the Tapia House Group.[20][14] He retained his seat in the 1981 general election.[21] In 1984 the National Alliance became the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) and in 1985 merged with the Organisation for National Reconstruction.[22] They won a decisive victory in 1986.[23][24] Panday was named Minister of External Affairs and International Trade.[3] The party soon fractured along racial lines; Panday accused Robinson and the government of discrimination against Indians and autocratic rule. Robinson reshuffled his cabinet in response, and Panday found himself with reduced ministerial responsibilities. The infighting continued, culminating with Panday, Kelvin Ramnath, and Trevor Sudama being expelled from the party on February 8, 1988.[17][25][26] UNC, Prime Ministership, and electoral crisesPanday and the other expelled ministers founded the Caucus for Love, Unity and Brotherhood (CLUB '88), which he revealed in October would become the United National Congress (UNC) on April 30,1989.[22][26][27] Economic decline, austerity, and racial tensions led to the NAR being swept out of power in the 1991 general election and the UNC, lead by Panday, becoming official opposition.[25][28] The 1995 general election was a defining moment in Panday's career. The ruling PNM party called an early vote, expecting a victory. However, the election ended with the PNM and UNC holding 17 seats each, and the NAR holding 2. The UNC and NAR entered a coalition, thereby bringing the UNC into power and making Panday the first Indo-Trinidadian Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.[29][30] Panday once again led the UNC to victory in the 2000 election, being sworn in as Prime Minister for a second time.[31] In 2001, UNC MPs Ramesh Maharaj, Trevor Sudama, and Ralph Maraj alleged government corruption, pressuring Panday to appoint a Commission of Inquiry; Panday responded by firing Maharaj. Sudama and Maraj then resigned, leaving the UNC with a minority. Panday was thus forced to call a new election. The 2001 general election resulted in an unprecedented 18-18 tie between the UNC and PNM, sparking a constitutional crisis over who should form government.[32][33][34][19][35] Both parties agreed to abide by the decision of the president, A.N.R. Robinson, as to who would lead the government, as well as to form a unity government.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} However, Panday reneged on the agreement{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} when Robinson appointed PNM leader Patrick Manning, finding his explanation for doing so (Manning's "moral and spiritual values")[36] unsatisfactory. Panday also argued that Robinson did not act in accordance with the constitution by choosing Manning, as he did not hold the majority in parliament.[32][37] He refused to accept the position of Leader of the Opposition in protest.[29] Parliament was dissolved and new elections were called in 2002 after it was unable to elect a Speaker.[35] This time the PNM were brought back into power with the UNC playing opposition.[38] Panday's third term as Leader of the Opposition would last until 2006, when he was convicted of failing to declare a bank account in London.[39] UNC leadership and power strugglesIn September 2005, during the UNC internal elections, Panday nominated Winston Dookeran as his successor as party leader. He himself retained the position of Chairman.[40] The following month, Jack Warner called for Panday to hand over the position of Leader of the Opposition to Dookeran as well.[58][41] Panday failed to do so, and with the Opposition MPs split 8-8 on the issue, Panday remained as the leader of the Opposition {{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}. In October Panday also invited Ramesh Maharaj back into the UNC.[42] In February 2006, Panday fired senator Robin Montano, who opposed Maharaj's return to the party[43]. Three days later senator Roy Augustus resigned.[42] He replaced Montano with Tim Gopeesingh, and Augustus with former Olympic athlete Ato Boldon.[44][45] Following his 2006 conviction, Panday's position as Leader of the Opposition was revoked. He was replaced by Kamla Persad-Bissessar.[42] On January 3, 2007, Panday was reinstated as leader of the UNC.[46] Since early 2009 Basdeo Panday was challenged for the leadership of the party by a small coalition of Opposition MPs led by the party's deputy political leader, Warner and Maharaj.[47] End of political careerOn January 24, 2010, Panday lost his bid to be elected Political Leader of the UNC once again. He suffered a defeat at the hands of new Political Leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar. He did not contest the post of chairman hence he no longer sits on the executive of the United National Congress. On 25 February 2010 President George Maxwell Richards revoked the appointment of Panday as Leader of the Opposition and replaced him with Persad-Bissessar after the majority of Opposition MPs indicated their support for her. Panday did not participate in the general elections held on May 24, 2010 and hence his term as a Member of Parliament ended. Panday serves as the Chief Administrator of the Basdeo Panday Foundation, a charitable organization which is situated in the Reinzi Complex in the town of Couva, well at least before eviction. Legal problemsCharges under Integrity in Public Life ActSecret investigations into Panday began after the 2001 election, when the Central Authority and the Anti Corruption Bureau was set up by the PNM. On September 18, 2002, Panday was charged under section 27(1)(b) of the Integrity in Public Life Act No. 8 of 1987 for failing to declare the contents of a bank account in London for the years 1997, 1998 and 1999. During the investigation, he had first stated that the funds in the account were for his children's education and that his name was added to the account to prevent problems should something happen to his wife. He did not consider the funds his own, and thus did not declare them. However, after receiving further information from the bank, he stated that the account had been opened jointly with his wife to deposit money for his open heart surgery. After his wife transferred the account to another branch she maintained and administered it, and his name remained on it out of convenience.[48][49] On April 24, 2006, Panday was found guilty on all three counts and sentenced to two years with hard labour and a TT$ 20,000 fine. He was also denied bail, and ordered to pay the sum in the account "for each year he was charged for not making the declaration".[50] He appealed the decision, and on March 20, 2007, the Court of Appeal overturned the conviction against Panday, based on the possibility that he may not have received a fair trial.[51] A new trial under a different magistrate was ordered.[52] The three Court of Appeal judges agreed that there was, in fact, a real possibility of bias by the Chief Magistrate in his ruling.[53] Information that surfaced later on, linked Chief Magistrate McNicolls to a multimillion-dollar land deal and a company associated with one of the main witnesses in the Basdeo Panday trial.[54] This information, along with the fact that Chief Magistrate McNicolls refused to give evidence for the criminal prosecution of the Chief Justice, which caused that prosecution to fail, were the main arguments used by Panday's lawyers in his Appeal Court hearing. On June 26, 2012, Panday was finally acquitted of all charges. The magistrate stated that he had not been given due process.[55] However, in September 2002, the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) was given leave to challenge the decision.[56] On October 7, 2014, the DPP withdrew the application to review the decision. The presiding Justice stated that Panday would "face hardships and prejudice" if prosecution continued.[57] Corruption chargesOn May 31, 2005, Panday, his wife, Oma, former UNC MP Carlos John, and businessman Ishwar Galbaransingh (chairman of Northern Construction Limited) were arrested on corruption charges. The State alleged that the Pandays had received TT$250,000 on December 30, 1998 from John and Galbaransingh in exchange for giving Northern Construction a construction contract for the Piarco Airport Development Project (PADP).[58] Panday, Oma Panday and John were placed on TT$750,000 bail, while Galbaransingh's bail was placed at TT$1,000,000. Panday refused bail and chose to remain in prison.[58] This was called a punitive bail both by supporters of the UNC and by former Attorney General Ramesh Maharaj, a sometimes political opponent of Panday.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} On June 7, 2005, bail was reduced to TT$650,000. A day later, Panday accepted bail after being jailed for over a week. Impact on Trinidadian culture and mediaImpact of electionThe election of the first Indo-Trinidadian prime minister was seen as the moment in which Indians "arrived" in Trinidad[59][60]. Panday took the opportunity to correct perceived wrongs against the Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian community.[60] Religion and musicShortly after beginning his first term as Prime Minister, Panday granted the Shouter Baptists a national holiday.[61] His political sponsorship contributed to the legitimization of the religion in the public's eye.[62] He also decreed that Indian Arrival Day would forever be named as such, rather than simply "Arrival Day" after 1996.[63] Panday was the subject of several critical calypsos during his first year office, such has Cro Cro's Allyuh Look for Dat and Watchman's Mr. Panday Needs His Glasses[64][65]. Panday struck back in 1997 by warning of guidelines for state-sponsored competitions to prevent "taxpayers money ...[being] used to divide the society whether it be on racial or any other grounds"[66] LanguagePanday is widely associated with the Hindi word "neemakharam" (ingrate)[67][68], and has popularized the term outside of the Indo-Trinidadian community.[69] He has used the word to describe his political opponents, including Winston Dookeran, Trevor Sudama, Ramesh Maharaj, and other UNC members.[70][71] Relationship with the pressPanday feuded with the media several times during his political career. In 1996 the Trinidad Guardian ran a front page featuring a photo of him with a drink and the headline "Chutney Rising"[72]. An incensed Panday ordered a boycott of the paper, refusing to allow their reporters access to government information. He accused editor-in-chief Jones P. Madiera of being a racist and called on his resignation. Ultimately, managing editor Alwin Chow, Madiera, and several other staff members left the Guardian and went on to form a new newspaper, The Independent.[73][74]. Panday reiterated his dissatisfaction with the press with his refusal to sign the Declaration of Chapultepec, a 1994 document affirming freedom of the press. In 1998 he stated he would not endorse the declaration "until it repudiated the “untrammelled right of the press to publish anything it wants”".[75] Personal lifeBasdeo Panday is married to Oma Panday (née Ramkissoon). He has four daughters: Niala, Mickela, Nicola, and Vastala. Niala was born to his first wife Norma Panday (née Mohammed), who died in 1981.[76] His religion is Hinduism. Filmography
See also
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him to explain behaviour|last=Ramdass|first=Anna|date=2009-03-26|accessdate=2009-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327025148/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161457491|archivedate=March 27, 2009|deadurl=yes|publisher=One Caribbean Media Limited}} 48. ^{{Cite news|url=http://newsday.co.tt/panday_trial/0,36357.html|title=D-Day for Panday|last=Joseph|first=Francis|date=2006-04-24|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=2017-09-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 49. ^{{cite court|litigants=Senior Superintendent Wellington Virgil v. Basdeo Panday|court=Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Magistracy|reporter=|vol=|opinion=|pinpoint=|date=|url=http://webopac.ttlawcourts.org/LibraryJud/Judgments/Mag/Murray/2002/MCase_02_12401-3DD26jun2012.pdf|accessdate=2017-09-04|quote=}} 50. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2006/04/060424_pandayjailed2.shtml|title=Former Trinidad PM sentenced to jail|last=|first=|date=2006-04-24|work=BBCCaribbean.com|access-date=2017-09-04|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 51. ^{{cite news|url=http://guardian.co.tt/archives/2007-03-21/news8.html|title=Appeal Court quashes Panday’s conviction|last=Loutoo|first=Jada|date=2007-03-21|accessdate=2007-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231715/http://guardian.co.tt/archives/2007-03-21/news8.html|archivedate=September 26, 2007|deadurl=yes|publisher=Trinidad Publishing Company Limited}} 52. ^{{Cite news|url=http://legacy.guardian.co.tt/archives/2007-03-21/news12.html|title=Basdeo Panday’s appeal verdict: Ex-PM to appeal retrial|last=Alexander|first=Gail|date=2007-03-21|work=The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 53. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2006/01/16/trial.shtml|title=Trinidad's opposition leader set to go on trial|last=Cummings|first=Stephen|date=2006-01-16|accessdate=2007-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203070155/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2006/01/16/trial.shtml|archivedate=2007-02-03|deadurl=yes|publisher=Caribbean Net News|df=}} 54. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article?id=161115937|title=Panday seeks bias ruling against McNicolls|last=Bahaw|first=Darren|date=2007-03-14|accessdate=2007-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019050407/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article?id=161115937|archivedate=October 19, 2007|deadurl=yes|publisher=Trinidad & Tobago Express}} 55. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-06-27/panday-freed-11-year-old-uk-bank-charge|title=Panday freed of 11-year-old UK bank charge|last=Paul|first=Anna-Lisa|date=2012-06-27|website=The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-09-05}} 56. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2012/news/stories/09/27/tt-dpp-gets-leave-to-challenge-basdeo-pandays-freedom/|title=T&T DPP gets leave to challenge Basdeo Panday's freedom|date=2012-09-27|work=Stabroek News|access-date=2017-09-07|language=en-US}} 57. ^{{Cite news|url=http://newsday.co.tt/crime_and_court/0,201355.html|title=Panday’s London bank acct case ends|last=Jada|first=Louto|date=2014-10-08|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 58. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,28022.html|title=Panday goes to jail|last=Francis|first=Joseph|date=2005-06-01|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=2017-08-12}} 59. ^{{Cite book|title=Global multiculturalism : comparative perspectives on ethnicity, race, and nation|last=Cornwell|first=Grant Hermans|last2=Stoddard|first2=Eve Walsh|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-0742508835|location=Lanham, Md.|pages=35|oclc=44084193}} 60. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Politics of Identity in Small Plural Societies: Guyana, the Fiji Islands, and Trinidad and Tobago|last=Wilson|first=Stacey-Ann|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=978-1137012111|location=United States|pages=}} 61. ^{{Cite book|title=Reclaiming African religions in Trinidad : the socio-political legitimation of the Orisha and spiritual Baptist faiths|last=Henry|first=Frances|publisher=University of the West Indies Press|year=2003|isbn=978-9766401290|location=Barbados|pages=73|oclc=182621537}} 62. ^{{Cite journal|last=Castor|first=N. Fadeke|date=2013-08-01|title=SHIFTING MULTICULTURAL CITIZENSHIP: Trinidad Orisha Opens the Road|journal=Cultural Anthropology|language=en|volume=28|issue=3|pages=475–489|doi=10.1111/cuan.12015|issn=1548-1360}} 63. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archives.newsday.co.tt/news/print,0,17772.html|title=Guyana's fight for Indian Arrival Day|last=Maharaj|first=Parsuram|date=2004-05-04|website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-19}} 64. ^{{Cite book|title=Ethnicity, class, and nationalism : Caribbean and extra-Caribbean dimensions|last=Allahar|first=Anton|publisher=Lexington Books|others=.|year=2005|isbn=978-0739108932|location=Lanham, Md.|pages=54|oclc=56904988}} 65. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The_politics_of_Emancipation-127080843.html|title=The politics of Emancipation|last=Ryan|first=Selwy|date=2011-08-06|website=Trinidad Express Newspapers|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-19}} 66. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/03/music-governments-unhappy-over-calypso-criticism/|title=MUSIC: Governments Unhappy Over Calypso Criticism|last=Gibbings|first=Wesley|date=1997-03-04|website=Inter Press Service News Agency|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-19|quote=“The state cannot allow taxpayers money to be used to divide the society whether it be on racial or any other grounds,”}} 67. ^{{Cite web|url=http://legacy.guardian.co.tt/archives/2007-05-06/lennox.html|title=Panday restoration troubles state of nerves|last=Grant|first=Lennox|date=2007-05-06|website=The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-21|quote=In prosecuting such internal “struggles,” Mr Panday still endlessly expends political energies. Against in-party critics, he deployed the famous attack word “neemakaram.”}} 68. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/features/life/2009/04/15/linguist-launches-englishcreole-dictionary|title=Linguist launches English/Creole dictionary|last=Loubon|first=Michelle|date=2009-04-15|website=The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-21|quote=Cross countrying she collected words associated with romance (doux doux) and adventure, folklore (Crazy’s soucouyant), mythology and history, great names (Basdeo Panday’s neemakharam)...}} 69. ^{{Cite book|title=The Indian diaspora: dynamics of migration|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2004|isbn=978-0761932185|editor-last=Jayaram|editor-first=N.|location=New Delhi|pages=168|oclc=53970616|editor-last2=Atal|editor-first2=Yogesh}} 70. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Ramesh__ready_to_fight_the_lion_-115434844.html|title=Ramesh 'ready to fight the lion'|date=2009-04-03|work=Trindad Express Newspapers|access-date=2017-10-22|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 71. ^{{Cite web|url=http://guardian.co.tt/news/2011/05/03/wilson-tells-flaw-robinson-s-character|title=Wilson tells of flaw in Robinson's character|date=2011-05-04|website=The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-22}} 72. ^Bachan-Persad, I. (2012) Press and politics in Trinidad and Tobago: A study of five electoral campaigns over ten years, 2000-2010. Unpublished Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University. 73. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/04/trinidad-and-tobago-govt-meddling-sends-media-managers-packing/|title=TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: Govt. Meddling Sends Media Managers Packing|last=John|first=George|date=1996-04-02|website=Inter Press Service News Agency|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-19}} 74. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/attacks97/americas/trinidad.html|title=Attacks on the Press in 1997 - Trinidad and Tobago|last=|first=|date=1998-03-02|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-19}} 75. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1999/04/media-caribbean-threat-to-the-free-press/|title=MEDIA-CARIBBEAN: Threat to the Free Press?|last=Gibbings|first=Wesley|date=1999-04-30|website=Inter Press Service News Agency|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-20|quote=Panday said last year he had no intention of endorsing the Declaration until it repudiated the “untrammelled right of the press to publish anything it wants”.}} 76. ^{{Cite news|url=http://newsday.co.tt/news/0,95513.html|title=Panday is a grandfather|last=Chan Tack|first=Clint|date=2009-02-21|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=2017-08-12}} 77. ^{{Cite web | url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0659220/filmotype/actor?ref_=m_nmfm_1 | title=Basdeo Panday}} External links
15 : 1933 births|Living people|Hindavi people|Alumni of the University of London International Programmes|Alumni of the University of London|Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Members of the House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|United National Congress politicians|United Labour Front politicians|Workers and Farmers Party politicians|Trinidad and Tobago politicians of Indian descent|Trinidad and Tobago trade unionists|Trinidad and Tobago lawyers|Trinidad and Tobago Hindus|People from Princes Town Regional Corporation |
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