| 词条 | Bohemian Club |
| 释义 |
| name = Bohemian Club | image = BohemianClubOwl2.jpg | size = | alt = Plaque showing an owl, the moon, and text | caption = | motto = "Weaving spiders come not here" | formation = {{start date and age|1872}} | extinction = | type = Private Men's Social Club IRC 501(c)7[1] | status = | purpose = Arts, politics, business | headquarters = 624 Taylor Street, San Francisco, California | coords = | membership = | website = }} The Bohemian Club is a private club with two locations: a city clubhouse in the Union Square district of San Francisco, California, and the Bohemian Grove, a retreat north of the city in Sonoma County.[2] Founded in 1872 from a regular meeting of journalists, artists and musicians, it soon began to accept businessmen and entrepreneurs as permanent members, as well as offering temporary membership to university presidents and military commanders who were serving in the San Francisco Bay Area. Today, the club has a diverse membership of many local and global leaders, ranging from artists and musicians to businessmen.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} ClubhouseThe City Club is located in a six-story masonry building at the corner of Post Street and Taylor Street, two blocks west of Union Square, and on the same block as both the Olympic Club and the Marines Memorial Club. The clubhouse contains dining rooms, meeting rooms, a bar, a library, an art gallery, a theater, and guestrooms. Bohemian Grove{{Main|Bohemian Grove}}Every year the club hosts a two-week-long (three weekends) camp at Bohemian Grove, which is notable for its illustrious guest list and its eclectic Cremation of Care ceremony which mockingly burns "Care"[3] (the normal woes of life) with grand pageantry, pyrotechnics and brilliant costumes, all done at the edge of a lake and at the base of a forty-foot 'stone' owl statue.[4] In addition to that ceremony, devised by co-founder James F. Bowman in 1881, there are also two outdoor performances (dramatic and comedic plays), often with elaborate set design and orchestral accompaniment. The more elaborate of the two is the Grove Play, or High Jinks; the more ribald is called Low Jinks.[5] More often than not, the productions are original creations of the Associate members but active participation of hundreds of members of all backgrounds is traditional.[6] HistoryBohemianism{{Main|Bohemianism}}In New York City and other American metropolises in the late 1850s, groups of young, cultured journalists flourished as self-described "bohemians" until the American Civil War broke them up and sent them out as war correspondents.[7] During the war, reporters began to assume the title "bohemian," and newspapermen in general took up the moniker. "Bohemian" became synonymous with "newspaper writer".[7] California journalist Bret Harte first wrote as "The Bohemian" in The Golden Era in 1861, with this persona taking part in many satirical doings. Harte described San Francisco as a sort of Bohemia of the West.[8] Mark Twain called himself and poet Charles Warren Stoddard bohemians in 1867.[7] FoundingThe Bohemian Club was originally formed in April 1872 by and for journalists who wished to promote a fraternal connection among men who enjoyed the arts. Michael Henry de Young, proprietor of the San Francisco Chronicle, provided this description of its formation in a 1915 interview: {{quote|The Bohemian Club was organized in the Chronicle office by Tommy Newcombe, Sutherland, Dan O'Connell, Harry Dam, J.Limon and others who were members of the staff. The boys wanted a place where they could get together after work, and they took a room on Sacramento street below Kearny. That was the start of the Bohemian Club, and it was not an unmixed blessing for the Chronicle because the boys would go there sometimes when they should have reported at the office. Very often when Dan O'Connell sat down to a good dinner there he would forget that he had a pocketful of notes for an important story.[9]}}Journalists were to be regular members; artists and musicians were to be honorary members.[10] The group quickly relaxed its rules for membership to permit some people to join who had little artistic talent, but enjoyed the arts and had greater financial resources. Eventually, the original "bohemian" members were in the minority and the wealthy and powerful controlled the club.[11][12] Club members who were established and successful, respectable family men, defined for themselves their own form of bohemianism which included men who were bons vivants, sometime outdoorsmen, and appreciators of the arts.[8] Club member and poet George Sterling responded to this redefinition: {{quote|Any good mixer of convivial habits considers he has a right to be called a Bohemian. But that is not a valid claim. There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism. The first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts; the other is poverty. Other factors suggest themselves: for instance, I like to think of my Bohemians as young, as radical in their outlook on art and life; as unconventional, and, though this is debatable, as dwellers in a city large enough to have the somewhat cruel atmosphere of all great cities.[13]}} Despite his purist views, Sterling associated very closely with the Bohemian Club, and caroused with artist and industrialist alike at the Bohemian Grove.[13]Oscar Wilde, upon visiting the club in 1882, is reported to have said "I never saw so many well-dressed, well-fed, business-looking Bohemians in my life."[14]MembershipA number of past membership lists are in public domain,[10] but modern club membership lists are private. Some prominent figures have been given honorary membership, such as Richard Nixon and William Randolph Hearst. Members have included some U.S. presidents (usually before they are elected to office), many cabinet officials, and CEOs of large corporations, including major financial institutions. Major military contractors, oil companies, banks (including the Federal Reserve), utilities, and national media have high-ranking officials as club members or guests. Many members are, or have been, on the board of directors of several of these corporations; however, artists and lovers of art are among the most active members. The club's bylaws require ten percent of the membership be accomplished artists of all types (composers, musicians, singers, actors, lighting artists, painters, authors, etc.). During the first half of the 20th century membership in the club was especially valued by painters and sculptors, who exhibited their work on the premises, in both permanent displays and special exhibitions, and did not pay any commissions on sales to members.[15] Many of the club's artists were nationally recognized figures, such as William Keith, Arthur Frank Mathews, Xavier Martinez, Jules Eugene Pages, Edwin Deakin, William Ritschel, Jo Mora, and Arthur Putnam. The club motto is "Weaving Spiders Come Not Here", a line taken from Act 2, Scene 2, of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The club motto implies that outside concerns and business deals are to be left outside. When gathered in groups, Bohemians usually adhere to the injunction, though discussion of business often occurs between pairs of members.[16] Bret Harte MemorialA bronze relief by Jo Mora is installed on the exterior of the building. It serves as a memorial to author and poet Bret Harte. The relief, which is approximately 3 ft. 3 7/8 in. x 7 ft. 11 5/8 in. x 2 1/2 in. (101 cm x 243 cm x 6 cm), was first dedicated in on August 15, 1919, as a tribute by Mora, who was a member, to fellow Bohemian Club member Harte. The relief shows fifteen characters from books by Harte. It is inscribed: Proper left, upper corner: J J MORA AUGUST 15, 1919 Proper left, lower edge: L. DE ROME BRONZE FOUNDRY Top center wreath: IN MEMORIAM BRET HARTE 1836–1902 AD followed by the founder's mark for L. De Rome. When the original building was torn down, the relief was removed. In 1934, it was reinstalled on the building that stands today.[17] See also{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}
References
1. ^{{cite web | url= http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/orgs/profile/940331150?popup=1 | title= Bohemian Club | publisher= National Center for Charitable Statistics | access-date= 15 November 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125048/http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/orgs/profile/940331150?popup=1# | archive-date= 2014-07-14 | dead-url= yes | df= }} 2. ^{{cite news |title=No retreat from uproar over Bohemian Club woods |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2009/07/06/MNUU18ICIV.DTL |date=July 6, 2009 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher= |accessdate=14 July 2009 | first=Jane | last=Kay}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bohemian-club-skb|title=Bohemian Club|work=Atlas Obscura|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/bohemian-grove-where-the-rich-and-powerful-go-to-misbehave/2011/06/15/AGPV1sVH_blog.html|title=Bohemian Grove: Where the rich and powerful go to misbehave|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-08-21}} 5. ^Garnett, 1908. 6. ^Domhoff, 1975. 7. ^1 2 The Mark Twain Project. Explanatory Notes regarding the letter from Samuel Langhorne Clemens to Charles Warren Stoddard, 23 Apr 1867. Retrieved on July 26, 2009. 8. ^1 Ogden, Dunbar H.; Douglas McDermott; Robert Károly Sarlós [https://books.google.com/books?id=96lCI145-38C&pg=PA20 Theatre West: Image and Impact], Rodopi, 1990, pp. 17–42. {{ISBN|90-5183-125-0}} 9. ^Interview with Michael Henry De Young, 1915, reproduced at https://archive.org/stream/variedtypes00odayrich/variedtypes00odayrich_djvu.txt. 10. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=5fUBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA175 The Elite directory for San Francisco and Oakland], Argonaut Publishing Co., 1879, pp. 175–184. 11. ^Bohemian Club. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PHX5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11 Constitution, By-laws, and Rules, Officers, Committees, and Members], Bohemian Club, 1904, p. 11. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OKc_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11 Semi-centennial high jinks in the Grove, 1922], Bohemian Club, 1922, pp. 11–22. 12. ^Parry, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ov2dz3Pnea4C&pg=PA219 pp. 218–219.] 13. ^1 Parry, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ov2dz3Pnea4C&pg=PA238 p. 238.] 14. ^{{cite news|publisher=Wall Street Journal|first=Maria|last=Finn|title=Keeping Reality at Bay|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704631504575532063842966330|date=October 9, 2010}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1|date=2012|publisher=East Bay Heritage Project| location=Oakland, Calif.| isbn=9781467545679|pages=164, 175 note 66}} An online facsimile of the entire text of Vol. 1 is posted on the Traditional Fine Arts Organization website (http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429115613/http://tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm# |date=2016-04-29 }}). 16. ^Peter Martin Phillips, A Relative Advantage: Sociology of the San Francisco Bohemian Club {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812000516/http://libweb.sonoma.edu/regional/faculty/phillips/bohemianindex.html |date=2012-08-12 }}, 1994. 17. ^{{cite web|title=Bret Harte Memorial, (sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!318520~!0#focus|work=Save Outdoor Sculpture!|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|accessdate=2012-05-09}}
11 : Bohemian Club|Clubs and societies in California|Men's organizations in the United States|Gentlemen's clubs in the United States|Organizations based in San Francisco|Organizations based in Sonoma County, California|Organizations established in 1872|American secret societies|1872 establishments in California|Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area|Nob Hill, San Francisco |
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