| 词条 | Batek people | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|group = Batek people Orang Batek / Bateq |image = |caption = A Batek family. |population = 1,359 (2010)[1] |popplace = {{flag|Malaysia}} (Pahang, Kelantan, Terengganu) |langs = Batek language, Malay language |rels = Traditional religion and significant adherents of Islam, Christianity or Buddhism. |related = Jahai people, Minriq people }} The Batek (or Bateq) are an indigenous people (numbering about 1,519 in 2000[2]) who live in the rainforest of peninsular Malaysia. As a result of encroachment, they now primarily inhabit the Taman Negara National Park. They are nomadic hunters and gatherers, so the exact location of their settlements change within the general confines of the area that they inhabit.[3] The common phrase used to refer to them, 'orang asli', signifies a diverse group of which the Batek tribe is a part. It means 'original people' in Malay and was probably first used to identify these people by Austronesian-speaking settlers who arrived by boat from the islands of Southeast Asia. The Batek people were first documented by Europeans in 1878, when explorer-naturalist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai of Russia wrote about them.[4] Until about 1970 much of inland peninsular Malaysia was difficult to reach for the purposes of logging, so the Batek were widespread throughout that region. Since it is now possible to harvest the trees in that region, the Batek are largely confined to Taman Negara National Park and the surrounding region.[5] PopulationThe dynamics of the Batek population in Malaysia:-
LanguageThe Batek language belongs to the Eastern Jahaic sub-branch of Aslian languages which is part of a wider Mon–Khmer language family.[10] Batek's closest linguistic relatives is Mintil and Jahai and distantly related to other Aslian languages. Despite being a small language, it has quite a number of dialects namely Teq, Iga, Deq and Nong, with the latter two probably considered distinct enough to be separate languages. Batek is mostly an oral language with few written records, but it is usually written in a modified Latin alphabet. Way of lifeThe Batek normally live in familial groups, in tents and lean-tos, with about 10 families forming an encampment. Each encampment generally has control of the land immediately around it, but since the Batek do not believe in the concept of private land ownership, the encampment considers it to be the caretaker of the land, rather than its owner. Also since they are nomadic once most of the usable wild plant resources have been depleted from a given location they will move to another spot, within their habitat.[11] The Batek economy is very complex, with some things such as land, having no right of ownership. Somethings where there is a personal property right, but social norms dictate that it be shared with the entire society such as food that is found by foraging. There are some things that are considered personal property, such as a man's blowgun, or a women's hair combs.[12] Batek are a peaceful society. If a member of the group has a conflict with another member of the group they will discuss the matter privately. If that does not end the disagreement, each will publicly share their side of the argument in an attempt to have other members of the camp suggest a resolution. Since each adult member of the camp is equal, there is no internal leader or adjudication system so one or both of the aggrieved parties will leave the camp until cooler heads prevail.[11][13] Sharing{{Economic anthropology}}It is a moral obligation for Batek to share food they have acquired. Normally the person who harvests the food item will first give to their immediate family, then their extended family and finally the rest of the camp. If everyone is giving to everyone else, a family who is down on their luck will still have food to eat, although not as much as if they harvested it themselves. Since the hunting and butchering of meat causes a large amount of food to enter the camp at once, there is a more formal and ritualistic way of dividing it, for example with a monkey, first the members of the hunting party eat the offal and tail, because they cook the fastest, then the cooked meat is divided into about 13 parts, so that each family in the camp gets some, with the portions adjusted according to the size of the family. The Batek do not consider this sharing of resources to be an act of kindness, they believe that all food items belong to the forest, so that the person who happens to be in possession of food has a moral obligation to share it. Since the dwellings are open, it is impossible to hoard food without others knowing about it, since selfishness is prohibited, it would not be considered stealing for another member of the camp to take food away from someone who was hoarding, if the taker was hungry.[14] They feel an obligation to give when they are asked for something. This feeling is reinforced by their belief that to refuse a request can cause super-natural harm to the person refused and by their knowledge that this will evoke the anger of the community at the offender. Although personal possessions like radios and tobacco belong exclusively to the person who acquired them, it is common for those items to be lent or sometimes even borrowed without the owner's knowledge. The Batek believe that if a requested favor is refused, the person who was turned down, will likely suffer misfortune, and when the misfortune happens everyone in the camp will be angry at the person who was unkind. There are two more practical reasons that sharing and kindness are widespread in the Batek community, first each man has a blowgun, used mainly for hunting, so if all in the group did not get along, someone could be subject to violence. Also the rain forest is very hot and damp so keeping things long-term is impractical, food will rot and hardware will rust if it is not used frequently.[13] Modern challengesExternal. disagreements become a little more tricky, since the Batek do not have leaders or a military, the Batek are generally at the mercy of the Malaysian Government. Malaysia does not recognize Batek sovereignty so during the 20th century the Government gradually encroached on the Batek land, to use it for logging and farming.[15] Since the 1960s the Government has encouraged the Batek to live in Pos Lebir and become non-nomadic farmers. Most Batek are unwilling to settle in Pos Labir because it has not been dedicated to the Batek, they would have to leave there if the Government ask and they would lose their nomadic lifestyle and their religion. One of the Batek summed up the situation by saying: “We Batek are rich if we have a cooking pot, digging stick, bush-knife, lighter, tobacco, salt and fishing pole. Also a man is sad if he doesn't have a blowpipe. We only want four or five sarongs, we don't need trousers. If we live here (in Pos Lebir), we need money, if we have money we buy a lot. But if we have no money, no problem, we reject possessions. When we live in the forest, we don't need them. We can dig tubers. If someone doesn't have food, others give it as in the old days.”[16] Settlement areasSome of the settlements that the Bateq people are located includes:-
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book|author=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli|year=2015|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=99-716-9861-7|page=2}} 2. ^{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|title=Orang Asli Population Statistics|url=http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11374494101180&artID=11432750280711|accessdate=2008-02-12}} 3. ^Bonta, Bruce D. Peaceful Peoples: an Annotated Bibliography {{ISBN|0-8108-2785-9}}. Metuchen NJ: Scarecrow, 1993 Page 29-31 4. ^Endicott, Kirk. “The Batek of peninsular Malaysia.” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers {{ISBN|0-521-57109-X}}. 2004 Page 298 5. ^Lye, Tuck-Po. Changing Pathways: Forest Degradation and the Batek of Pahang Malaysia {{ISBN|0-7391-0650-3}}. Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2004 Page 2-4 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.coac.org.my/dashboard/modules/cms/cms~file/93c38c2f6837049ec87607013c0c5404.pdf |title=Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in Malaysia |author=Nobuta Toshihiro |publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns |year=2009 |accessdate=2017-10-27}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications//0133_95_The_Orang_Asli_and_the_contest_for_resources.pdf |title=The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia |author=Colin Nicholas |publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns & International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |year=2000 |accessdate=2017-10-27 |isbn=87-90730-15-1 }} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=4 |title= Basic Data / Statistics |author= |publisher= Center for Orang Asli Concerns |year= |accessdate=2017-10-27}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Alberto Gomes|title=Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=11-341-0076-0}} 10. ^www.ethnologue.com : Batek 11. ^1 Bonta, Bruce D. Peaceful Societies. 2005. January 12, 2006 12. ^Endicott, Kirk. “Property, Power and Conflict Among the Batek of Malaysia.” Hunters and gatherers 2: Property Power and Ideology {{ISBN|0-85496-735-4}}. 1988 Page 117 13. ^1 Endicott, Kirk. “Property, Power and Conflict Among the Batek of Malaysia.” Hunters and gatherers 2: Property Power and Ideology {{ISBN|0-85496-735-4}}. 1988 Page 119-120 14. ^Endicott, Kirk. “Property, Power and Conflict Among the Batek of Malaysia.” Hunters and gatherers 2: Property Power and Ideology {{ISBN|0-85496-735-4}}. 1988 Page 116-118 15. ^{{cite web|publisher=The Atlantic|author=James Whitlow Delano|title=How Biofuels Are Destroying Indigenous Communities in Malaysia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/how-biofuels-are-destroying-indigenous-communities-in-malaysia/242979/|date=3 August 2011|accessdate=2016-12-14}} 16. ^Endicott, Kirk. “The Batek of peninsular Malaysia.” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers {{ISBN|0-521-57109-X}}. 2004 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/features/article/taman-negara-batek-tribe-rooted-in-simple-existence |title=Taman Negara Batek tribe rooted in simple existence |author=Kisho Kumari Sucedaram |publisher=The Malay Mail Online |date=16 March 2016 |accessdate=2017-04-10}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2014/09/shsconf_4ictr2014_01071.pdf |title=Ethnic Tourism: A Case Study of Language and Culture Preservation of the Bateq Indigenous Group of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia |author=Salasiah Che Lah |publisher=EDP Sciences |year=2014 |accessdate=2017-04-10}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Ahmad Salludin Yeop Mat Ali|title=Sistem kekeluargaan orang Batek Sungai Cheka, Kuala Lipis, Pahang|year=1974|publisher=Jabatan Antropologi dan Sosiologi, Universiti Malaya|isbn=|page=}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Aizan Mohd. Yusof|title=Perubahan sosial di kalangan kelompok Bateq-Ndong, (Negritos) Semetong, Pahang|year=1974|publisher=Jabatan Antropologi dan Sosiologi, Universiti Malaya|isbn=|page=}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/06/07/long-journey-to-land-recognition-communal-forest-land-has-been-a-bone-of-contention-between-indigeno/ |title=Long journey to land recognition |author=Loh Foon Fong |publisher=The Star Online |date=7 June 2016 |accessdate=2017-04-10}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/rencana/jakoa-terima-aduan-orang-asli-1.244764 |title=Jakoa terima aduan Orang Asli |author=Anita Abu Hasan |publisher=Sinar Harian |date=27 January 2014 |accessdate=2017-04-10}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/persekolahan-462-pelajar-orang-asli-tertangguh-1.428975 |title=Persekolahan 462 pelajar Orang Asli tertangguh |author= |publisher=Utusan |date=7 January 2017 |accessdate=2017-04-10}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/kelantan/kesihatan-orang-asli-tidak-diabai-1.128190 |title=Kesihatan Orang Asli tidak diabai |author=Aimuni Tuan Lah |publisher=Utusan |date=25 August 2015 |accessdate=2017-04-10}} 25. ^{{cite book|author=Khadizan bin Abdullah & Abdul Razak Yaacob|title=Pasir Lenggi: A Batek Negrito esettlement Area in Ulu Kelantan（Report No.3. Social Anthropology Section|year=1974|publisher=School of Comparative Social Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia.Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia|isbn=|page=}} Further reading
External links
4 : Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia|Ethnic groups in Malaysia|Hunter-gatherers of Asia|Orang Asli |
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