| 词条 | Bat hawk |
| 释义 |
| name = Bat hawk | image = MacheiramphusAlcinus.jpg | image_caption = Bat hawk at Cape Vidal, northern Natal, South Africa | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Macheiramphus | parent_authority = Bonaparte, 1850 | species = alcinus | authority = Bonaparte, 1850 |synonyms=Machaerhamphus alcinus {{Taxobox_authority|author=Westerman|date=1851}} | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision ={{leftlegend|#FF0000|M. a. andersonii|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#800080|M. a. alcinus|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#010101|M. a. papuanus|outline=gray}} | range_map = Distribution Macheiramphus alcinus subspecies.PNG | range_map_alt = Ranges of Macheiramphus alcinus subspecies }} The bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) is a raptor found in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia to New Guinea. It is named for its diet, which consists mainly of bats.[2] It requires open space in which to hunt, but will live anywhere from dense rainforest to semi-arid veld. DescriptionThe bat hawk is a slender, medium-sized bird of prey, usually about 45 cm long. It has long wings and a falcon-like silhouette. Adults are dark brown or black, with a white patch on the throat and chest, and have a white streak above and below each eye. Juveniles are mottled brown and have more white plumage than adults. BehaviourHuntingBats are the usual prey of the bat hawk, although they may eat small birds, such as swallows, swifts, and nightjars, or even insects. They hunt by chasing their prey at high speeds in flight. 49.3% of their hunts are successful. Once caught the bat is processed very rapidly and the mechanism with which bat hawks kill their prey is still unknown. Bat hawks also show very rapid ingestion rates, taking on average 6 seconds for the prey to reach the stomach after capture.[3] The bat hawk is crepuscular and hunts at dusk. They feed on the wing and swallow their prey whole. This feeding habit has resulted in the evolution of an unusually large gape, the largest of any raptor relative to body size, and is more similar to that of insectivorous birds which feed on the wing such as swallows, swifts and nightjars.[4] BreedingCourtship involves many aerial displays and stunts. The nest is built with sticks gathered in flight, and is about 90 cm across and 30 cm deep.[5] The female is solely responsible for incubating her clutch. The male often shares food with her. About a month after incubation begins, the eggs hatch, and both parents help to feed their young. 30–45 days after hatching, the young fledge. They leave the nest soon after. Bat hawks time their breeding cycles with those of bats, taking advantage of lethargic pregnant females in order to attain breeding condition, whereas fledglings take advantage of young bats which have recently taken to the air.[6]Bat hawks breed most years. ConservationDue to its large range and relatively stable population, the bat hawk is of least concern.[1] However, localized populations are under threat, and it is listed as Endangered in South Africa.[7] EtymologyThe genus name is from Greek: {{lang|grc|μαχαιρα}} {{transl|Grek|makhaira}} meaning knife; and {{lang|grc|ῥαμφος}} {{transl|Grek|rhamphos}}, bill. The specific epithet alcinus means like an auk, from Linnaeus' genus Alca, which is also a reference to the bat hawk's thin bill.[9] TaxonomyThe spelling of the genus name is problematic. Charles Lucien Bonaparte described the bat hawk in 1850, naming it Macheiramphus alcinus.{{rp|pages=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2340360 482–483]}} Westerman described it in 1851 under the name Machaerhamphus alcinus, and this form was used for over a hundred years because it was believed to have been published in 1848. In 1960 Deignan pointed out that Bonaparte has priority, but in 1979 Amadon claimed that Macheiramphus alcinus is an abandoned name. Brooke and Clancey note that the preservation of a junior synonym requires a special ruling from the ICZN that Amadon didn't obtain; whilst Dickinson argues that Deignan's resurrection of the name in 1960 should stand because it predates the first edition of the Code in 1961.[11][12] References1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22695021 |title=Macheiramphus alcinus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2013 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} [8][9][10]2. ^Mikula, P., Morelli, F., Lučan, R. K., Jones, D. N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2016). Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective. Mammal Review. 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Black|first=H. L.|last2=Howard|first2=G.|last3=Stjernstedt|first3=R.|date=1979|title=Observations on the Feeding Behavior of the Bat Hawk (Macheiromphus alcinus)|jstor=2388165|journal=Biotropica|volume=11|issue=1|pages=18–21|doi=10.2307/2388165}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Landon R.|last2=Black|first2=Hal L.|last3=White|first3=Clayton M.|date=2012|title=Evidence for Convergent Evolution in Gape Morphology of the Bat Hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus) with Swifts, Swallows, and Goatsuckers|jstor=41496010|journal=Biotropica|volume=44|issue=3|pages=386–393}} 5. ^The Hawk Conservancy Trust (1996-2007). Bat Hawk. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://www.hawk-conservancy.org/priors/bathawk.shtml 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hartley|first1=R|last2=Hustler|first2=K|title=A less‐than‐annual breeding cycle in a pair of African Bat Hawks Machaeramphus alcinus|date=1993|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02119.x}} 7. ^https://www.birdlife.org.za/conservation/important-bird-areas/iba-projects-other/blsa-threatened-species-birdlasser-cause 8. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Jobling |first1=James A. |date=2014|title=Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology |url=http://www.hbw.com/dictionary/introduction-key-scientific-names-ornithology-james-jobling |website=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive|publisher=Lynx Edicions |accessdate=31 October 2014}} See entries Machieramphus and alcinus. 9. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Brooke|first1=R. K.|last2=Clancey|first2=P. A.|title=The Authorship of the Generic and Specific Names of the Bat Hawk|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|date=1981|volume=101|issue=4|pages=371–372|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40825136#page/153/mode/1up|accessdate=21 July 2017}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Peterson|first1=Alan P.|title=Zoonomen Nomenclatural data|url=http://www.zoonomen.net|accessdate=28 October 2014|date=2013}} }} External links
5 : Hawks|Birds of Malesia|Birds of Papua New Guinea|Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa|Birds described in 1850 |
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