词条 | Battle of Chester |
释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Chester |image= |caption= |partof= |date=circa. 615/16 |place=Chester |result=Northumbrian victory |combatant1=Northumbria |combatant2=Powys Rhôs (Gwynedd cantref) Mercia? |commander1=Æthelfrith of Northumbria |commander2=Selyf ap Cynan Iago ap Beli? Cearl of Mercia? |strength1= |strength2= |casualties1=Unknown |casualties2=Selyf ap Cynan Iago ap Beli? }}{{Campaignbox Anglo-Saxon invasions}} The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: Guaith Caer Legion; Welsh: Brwydr Caer) was a major victory for the Anglo-Saxons over the native Britons near the city of Chester, England in the early 7th century. Æthelfrith of Northumbria annihilated a combined force from the Welsh kingdoms of Powys, Rhôs (a cantref of the Kingdom of Gwynedd) and possibly Mercia. It resulted in the deaths of Welsh leaders Selyf Sarffgadau of Powys and Cadwal Crysban of Rhôs. Circumstantial evidence suggests that King Iago of Gwynedd may have also been killed. According to Bede, a large number of monks from the monastery at Bangor on Dee who had come to witness the fight were killed on the orders of Æthelfrith before the battle. He told his warriors to massacre the clerics because although they bore no arms, they were praying for a Northumbria defeat.[1] The strategic significance of the battle remains unclear as Æthelfrith died in battle soon after the victory.[2] It has been suggested that Cearl, the Anglo Saxon king of Mercia, may have also been involved and shared in the Britons' defeat because his overkingship of eastern Wales and Mercia effectively ended until the rise of his successor, Penda by 633.[3] Historical sourcesBattleHistorian Charles Plummer, best known as an editor of Bede, believed that the battle occurred around 615 or 616.[4] But near contemporary annals give a variety of dates. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says, for year 605 in one version and year 606 in another version: And her Æðelfrið lædde his færde to Legercyestre, 7 ðar ofsloh unrim Walena. 7 swa wearþ gefyld Augustinus witegunge. þe he cwæþ. Gif Wealas nellað sibbe wið us. hi sculan æt Seaxana handa farwurþan. Þar man sloh eac .cc. preosta ða comon ðyder þæt hi scoldon gebiddan for Walena here. Scrocmail was gehaten heora ealdormann. se atbærst ðanon fiftiga sum. In the Brut y Brenhinedd ({{lang-en|Chronicle of the Kings}}),[5] which is a collection of variant Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), the battle is called Perllan Fangor ({{lang-en|Bangor Orchard}}).[6] Brut proved especially influential in medieval Wales, where it was largely regarded as an accurate account of the early history of the Britons.[7] It therefore suggests the battle may have taken place nearer to Bangor-on-Dee rather than Chester. MassacreBede mentions the killings of British monks by the Anglo-Saxons. He wrote that the monks:
This episode was also noted in the Annals of Ulster s.a. 612 (recte 613): Bellum Caire Legion ubi sancti occisi sunt (The battle of Caer Legion, in which holy men were slain)[8] Bede thought this was divine retribution for the Welsh bishops refusing to join Augustine of Canterbury in proselytizing the Saxons. During the English Reformation scholars such as Matthew Parker frequently argued that Augustine himself had been complicit in the battle and the massacre, but this contention swiftly degenerated into a sectarian dispute.[9] The argument relies on the 604 date for the battle found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as well as the suggestion that a passage in Bede that specifically exculpates Augustine, which appears in the Latin but not in the early English translation of the text, was a later addition aimed at distancing the churchman from the violence he predicted.[9] The usually accepted dates 615/16 for the battle mitigate this argument, as Augustine is believed to have died in 604. The charge against Augustine was challenged or rejected by scholars of the 18th and 19th century such as Elizabeth Elstob, Henry Spelman, Henry Wharton, and Jeremy Collier.[9] That Æthelfrith and his army were pagan is a further difficulty with the theory, which has no support from modern historians. ArchaeologyArchaeological excavations at Heronbridge, just south of Chester, in 2004 uncovered post-Roman graves buried beneath a defensive earthwork over an old Roman settlement. There is evidence that they contain the bodies of casualties from the Battle of Chester.[10][11] SignificanceThe precise reasons for the battle are unknown but Geoffrey of Monmouth states that King Æthelfrith's political rival, Edwin of Deira, was living in exile in Gwynedd. Although Geoffrey of Monmouth is often regarded as an unreliable source, there are some supporting references to Edwin in the writings of Reginald of Durham and the Welsh Triads. However, there is no evidence that Æthelfrith was in pursuit of Edwin. The battle's outcome was once believed to have led to the severing of the land connection between Wales and the Old North - the old northern Brythonic kingdoms of Rheged and Kingdom of Strathclyde.[12] However this view is now "generally understood" to be outdated as there is "almost no archaeological evidence for Anglo-Saxon settlement within the pagan period in Cheshire or Lancashire". In any case, the sea would have been the primary means of travel and trade in this period.[13] It also seems unlikely that Æthelfrith was protecting Anglian settlers in the area.[1] Instead Æthelfrith may have been planning to attack Powys. The fact that he attacked the monks first, and only secondly the defending army, may perhaps be explained as a ruse to throw the defence into disarray.[1] See also{{Portal|Cheshire}}
Notes1. ^1 2 Michelle Ziegler at {{cite web |url=https://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2pen.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-05-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110054848/http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2pen.htm |archivedate=10 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^{{Cite Bede HE |at=Book II, Chapter XII }} 3. ^Higham, "King Cearl, the Battle of Chester and the origins of the Mercian 'Overkingship'", pp. 1-15 4. ^{{Citation|last=Bede|first=|author-link=Bede|date=731|editor-last=Plummer|editor-first=Carolus|editor-link=Charles Plummer|title=Venerabilis Bede Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum|publisher=e typographeo Clarendoniano|publication-date=1896|publication-place=Oxonii|url=https://books.google.com/?id=W78sAAAAMAAJ}} 5. ^Alternative titles include Ystoria Brutus and Ystorya Brenhined y Brytanyeit 6. ^Brut Dingestow, ed. Henry Lewis, Brut Dingestow. Cardiff: Gwasg Pryfisgol Cymru, 1942. In Welsh. 7. ^Brut Tysilio, ed. Owen Jones et al., The Myvyrian archaiology of Wales. Vol. 1. London, 1801; tr. R.E. Jones, in The Historia regum Britanniæ of Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. A. Griscom an J.R. Ellis. London, 1929; tr. Peter Roberts, The chronicle of the kings of Britain. Translated from the Welsh copy attributed to Tysilio. London, 1811; updated translation in Petrie's "Neglected British History" cited above; tr. A.S. San Marte, Brut Tysilio. Gottfrieds von Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae und Brut Tysilio. Halle, 1854 (German translation). 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Author: [unknown]|title=The Annals of Ulster|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/text182.html|website=CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts|accessdate=30 April 2017}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Murphy |first1=Michael |year=1966 |title=The Elstobs, Scholars of Old English and Anglican Apologists |journal=Durham University Journal |publisher= |volume=55 |issue=131–138 |pages= |url=http://www.thomondgate.net/pdf/essays/essay8.pdf |doi= |accessdate=May 24, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724104210/http://www.thomondgate.net/pdf/essays/essay8.pdf |archivedate=July 24, 2011 |df= }} 10. ^{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=David |year=2004 |url=http://www.chesterarchaeolsoc.org.uk/heronbridge.html |title=Heronbridge excavation and research project |work=Chester Archaeological Society |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67hhMeYza?url=http://www.chesterarchaeolsoc.org.uk/heronbridge.html |archivedate=16 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^Bryan Sitch, Aethelfrith of Nothumbria and the Battle of Chester, Yorkshire Archaeological & Historical Society Medieval Section, Lecture, November 2013. ([https://www.academia.edu/11006871/Aethelfrith_of_Nothumbria_and_the_Battle_of_Chester also pdf]) 12. ^e.g. by O.G.S.Crawford; http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/009/0277/Ant0090277.pdf 13. ^Koch, p. 318 ReferencesSecondary sources
Primary sources
Further reading
11 : 616|610s conflicts|7th century in England|Battles involving Mercia|Battles involving Wales|Battles involving the Britons|Battles involving Northumbria|Military history of Cheshire|History of Chester|615|7th century in Wales |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。