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词条 Boletaceae
释义

  1. Description

  2. Taxonomy

     Genera 

  3. Distribution

  4. Edibility

  5. See also

  6. References

     Cited texts 

  7. External links

{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Boletus edulis EtgHollande 041031 091.jpg
| image_caption = Cep, Boletus edulis
| taxon = Boletaceae
| authority = Chevall. (1828)
| type_genus = Boletus
| type_genus_authority = Fr. (1821)
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies[1]
| subdivision =
  • Austroboletoideae
  • Boletoideae
  • Chalciporoideae
  • Leccinoideae
  • Xerocomoideae
  • Zangioideae
  • Pulveroboletus Group

| synonyms = Strobilomycetaceae E.-J.Gilbert (1931)
Octavianiaceae Locq. ex Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1979)
Boletellaceae Jülich (1981)

Chamonixiaceae Jülich (1981)

Xerocomaceae Pegler & T.W.K.Young (1981)

Hapalopilaceae Jülich (1982)


}}

The Boletaceae are a family of mushrooms, primarily characterized by developing their spores in small pores on the underside of the mushroom, instead of gills, as are found in agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as agarics, they include the Cep or King Bolete (Boletus edulis), highly sought by mushroom hunters. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

Boletes are a relatively safe group of mushrooms for human consumption, as none are known to be deadly to adults, and they are some of the most highly sought fungi for mushroom hunting. They are especially suitable for novice mushroom hunters, since there is little danger of confusing them with deadly mushrooms, like various Amanita agarics, which are the most poisonous mushrooms in the world. Some boletes are toxic, but those are not easily confused with the most popular edible ones. Boletes are easily distinguished from agarics, and easily recognized for colour, pores and thick stems and caps.

Description

Most species in Boletaceae produce large fleshy mushrooms with a central stipe. The spore print colours are commonly olivaceous (yellowish-green), yellowish, brownish, or vinaceous (red-wine coloured). In many species, flesh that is bruised or cut will turn blue, a result of the oxidation of pulvinic acid derivatives, like variegatic, xerocomic, and atrotomentinic acid.[2] The mushrooms usually have tubular hymenophores, although some species (like those in the genus Phylloporus) are lamellate.

Taxonomy

Boletaceae were first described by the French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826 as a family distinct from Agaricaceae. Five genera were included in Chevallier's circumscription: Boletus, Cladoporus (now synonymous with Laetiporus[1]), Physisporus (now Perenniporia[2]), Polyporus, and Fistulina.[5]

Genera

Rolf Singer, in the 4th edition (1986) of his Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, included 26 genera and 415 species in the Boletaceae.[6] Molecular phylogenetic studies of the 2000s have revised the concept of the family; in a highly cited 2006 publication, Manfred Binder and David Hibbett included 38 genera.[7] Even after recent changes in classification that have moved many members out of the Boletaceae, it remains a large family with many genera. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), 35 genera are recognized in Boletaceae, which collectively contain 787 species.[3] In the comprehensive work of Wu et al.(2014), seven major clades at subfamily level and 59 generic lineages were uncovered, including four new subfamilies (Austroboletoideae, Chalciporoideae, Leccinoideae, and Zangioideae) and 22 new potential genera.[1] Several new genera have since been described.

It is important to note that that the characters previously used in morphology-based taxonomy of Boletaceae (e.g. basidiospore ornamentation, basidioma and "stuffed" pore morphology) are inconsistent with molecular taxonomy: suggesting multiple origins within the family, so they "should be de-emphasized [or] combined with other characters ... for high-level classification of Boletaceae".[1]

GenusAuthority YearNo. of speciesDistribution
AfroboletusPegler & T.W.K.Young19817tropical Africa
Alessioporus[11]Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini20141southern Europe
AureoboletusPouzar195717[12]widespread
Australopilus[13]Halling & Fechner20121Australia
AustroboletusWolfe198030|~30}}America; Australasia
Baorangia[14]G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang20152|>2}}East Asia, North America
BoletellusMurrill190950|~50}}widespread
BoletochaeteSinger19443 Africa; Southeast Asia
BoletusFr.1821300|~300}}widespread
Borofutus[15]Hosen & Zhu L.Yang20121 Bangladesh
BothiaHalling, T.J.Baroni, & Binder20071 North America
BuchwaldoboletusPilát19623 Europe; Australia
ButyriboletusD.Arora & J.L.Frank201418widespread
Caloboletus[17]Vizzini201413widespread
ChalciporusBataille190825widespread
ChamonixiaRolland18998 widespread
Corneroboletus[18] N.K.Zeng & Zhu L.Yang20121 Singapore; Malaysia; tropical China
Crocinoboletus[19] N.K. Zeng, Zhu L. Yang & G. Wu20152 East Asia and South Asia
Cyanoboletus[20] Gelardi, Vizzini & Simonini2014 3 widespread
Durianella[21] A.W.Wilson & Manfr.Binder2008 1 Malaysia and Borneo
Exsudoporus[22] Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi2014 3North America and Europe
FistulinellaHenn.190115pantropical
GastroboletusLohwag196213widespread
GastroleccinumThiers19891North America
Harrya[13] Halling, Nuhn & Osmundson2012 2Asia; North America; Central America
HeimioporusE.Horak200415|~15}}widespread
Heliogaster[24](Kobayasi) Orihara & Iwase20101Japan
Hemileccinum[25]Šutara20083[12]Europe and North America[12]
Hortiboletus[28]Simonini, Vizzini & Gelardi20154Europe and North America
Imleria[29]Vizzini20144[30]Europe, Asia, and North America[30]
ImperatorAssyov et al.2015 3Europe and Western Asia
Lanmaoa[14]G. Wu, Zhu L. Yang, Halling2015>5East Asia, North America
LeccinellumBresinsky & Manfr. Binder200310widespread
LeccinumGray1821135|135}}widespread
Mucilopilus[1]Wolfe19794[34]North America, New Zealand[34]
MycoamaranthusCastellano, Trappe & Malajczuk19923Australasia; Africa, Southeast Asia
NeoboletusGelardi et al.20149Europe, Asia
Nigroboletus[36]Gelardi, Vizzini, E. Horak, T.H. Li & Ming Zhang20151China
OctavianiaVittad.183115widespread
Parvixerocomus[14]G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang,20152East Asia
PaxillogasterE.Horak19661South America
PhylloboletellusSinger19521 Central and South America
PhyllobolitesSinger19421South America
PhylloporusQuel.188850|~50}}cosmopolitan
Pseudoaustroboletus[38] Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang20141East Asia and South Asia
PseudoboletusŠutara19912north temperate regions
Pulchroboletus[11]Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi20141southern Europe
PulveroboletusMurrill190925cosmopolitan
RetiboletusManfr. Binder & Bresinsky20025 north temperate regions
Rheubarbariboletus[28]Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi20152 Europe
RhodactinaPegler & T.W.K.Young19892India, Thailand
Rossbeevera[41]T.Lebel & Orihara20119Asia, Australia
RoyoungiaCastellano, Trappe & Malajczuk19921Australia
Rubroboletus[42] Kuan Zhao & Zhu L.Yang20148Widespread
Rugiboletus[14]G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang20152East Asia
SetogyroporusHeinem. & Rammeloo19991tropical Africa
SingeromycesM.M.Moser19661Argentina
SinoboletusM.Zang199210China
Solioccasus[44]Trappe, Osmundson, Manfr.Binder, Castellano & Halling20131Australasia
Spongiforma[45]Desjardin, Manf. Binder, Roekring & Flegel20092Thailand; Malaysia
StrobilomycesBerk.185120|~20}}cosmopolitan
SuillelusMurrill190911North America and Europe
Sutorius[46] Halling, Nuhn & Fechner20123North America, Costa Rica, Africa, S.E. Asia and Australia
TubosaetaE.Horak19675Africa; Asia
TylopilusP.Karst1881111|111}}widespread
Veloporphyrellus L.D.Gómez & Singer19841Central America
Wakefieldia Corner & Hawker19522Asia; Europe
XanthoconiumSinger19447cosmopolitan
Xerocomellus[25] Šutara20089North and South America, Europe
Xerocomus[25]Quel1887>20widespread
Zangia[49] Yan C.Li & Zhu L.Yang2011 6 China

Many other genera formerly part of this family have been moved into other, smaller families as work with molecular phylogeny shows that they are more distantly related, even if physically similar. Representative of this adjustment is the move of the slimy-capped genus Suillus to Suillaceae.

Distribution

Boletes are found worldwide, on every continent except Antarctica. Well-known and well-described in the temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere, newer research has shown significant diversity in tropical and southern hemisphere regions as well. E. J. H. Corner found evidence of at least 60 species on the island of Singapore alone. In 1972 he described 140 species from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo and estimated there were an equal number again to be found.[50]

Similar statements about the biodiverse richness of Australian Boletaceae have also been made.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Edibility

Many of the boletes are considered to be true culinary delicacies, especially the king bolete (Boletus edulis); the Scandinavian cuisine praises boletes. In Finnish cuisine, the king bolete is universally considered to be the tastiest culinary mushroom {{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}. A large number of boletes are delicious or at least edible. Poisonous or otherwise inedible species do exist, however, such as the unpalatable bitter species Boletus calopus and the aptly named bitter bolete (Tylopilus felleus) with a taste compared to bile, and some orange-capped species of Leccinum. As the bitter bolete resembles somewhat the king bolete, it can produce literally a bitter disappointment to the mushroom hunter. The rule of thumb is that the bitter bolete has pink pores, and a brownish stipe with a dark brown (sometimes approaching black) reticulum, while the cep has whitish pale grey, occasionally cream-colored to cream-colored with faint green tones, pore surface, a light-colored (white and/or similar in color to the rest of the stipe) reticulum and white hyphae tufts at the base of the stipe. If confused, the most simple solution is to taste a small amount of cap context. If the taster detects a strong, foul bitter taste immediately or near immediately, it is Tylopilus felleus, unless, of course, the taster lacks the necessary genes to detect the chemical responsible for the bitter taste. They also grow in different habitats. The bitter bolete lacks the stuffed or plugged pore appearance (caused by a hyphal mat of cheilocystidia) that is common in the cep and allies. The peppery bolete (Chalciporus piperatus) has extremely strong taste, and has been used in place of pepper.[51]

Finnish cuisine uses boletes for various soups, sauces, casseroles, and hotpots. They are sometimes also used as pizza filling, not unlike champignons, shiitake, or portobellos.

Two of the best common edible boletes, however, are the bay bolete (Boletus badius), whose pores bruise blue-green, and the orange birch bolete, which is a Leccinum with an orange cap and which bruises a bluish grey.

Several guidebooks recommend avoiding all red-pored boletes, but both B. erythropus (Neoboletus luridiformis) and Suillellus luridus are edible when well-cooked. One instance of death from Boletus pulcherrimus was reported in 1994; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms after eating this fungus with the husband succumbing. An autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut.[52] Boletus satanas has also long considered to be poisonous, though it has not been responsible for any deaths. The symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal in nature. A glycoprotein, bolesatine, has been isolated. A similar compound, bolevenine, has been isolated from the poisonous Neoboletus venenatus of Japan.[53]

See also

{{Portal|Fungi}}
  • Bolete eater
  • List of North American boletes

References

1. ^Kirk et al., (2008), p. 146.
2. ^Kirk et al., (2008), p. 535.
3. ^Kirk et al. (2008), p. 96.
4. ^1 {{cite book |author=Benjamin DR. |chapter=Red-pored boletes |pages=359–60 |title=Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians |publisher=WH Freeman and Company |location=New York, New York |year=1995}}
5. ^1 {{cite book |author=Carluccio A. |author-link=Antonio Carluccio |year=2003 |title=The Complete Mushroom Book |publisher=Quadrille |location=London, UK |page= |isbn=978-1-84400-040-1}}
6. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Chevallier FF. |title=Flore Générale des Environs de Paris |volume=1 |year=1826 |page=248 |language=French}}
7. ^1 {{cite book |author=Corner EJH. |year=1972 |title=Boletus in Malaysia |publisher=Government Printing Office/Botanic Gardens, Singapore |oclc=668353}}
8. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Desjardin DE, Binder M, Roekring S, Flegel T |year=2009 |title=Spongiforma, a new genus of gasteroid boletes from Thailand |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=37 |issue= |pages=1–8 |url= |doi= |pmid= |pmc= }}
9. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Desjardin DE, Wilson AW, Binder M|year=2008 |title=Durianella, a new gasteroid genus of boletes from Malaysia |journal=Mycologia |pmid= 19202849 |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=956–61|doi=10.3852/08-062 |url=http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/mbinder/pdf/Durianella.pdf |accessdate=2010-06-03 |format=PDF}}
10. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Binder M, Hibbett DS |year=2006 |title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=971–81 |pmid=17486973 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Gelardi M, Simonini G, Ercole E, Vizzini A |year=2014 |title=Alessioporus and Pulchroboletus (Boletaceae, Boletineae), two novel genera for Xerocomus ichnusanus and X. roseoalbidus from the European Mediterranean basin: Molecular and morphological evidence |journal=Mycologia |volume=106 |issue=6 |doi=10.3852/14-042 |pmid=24895429 |pages=1168–1187}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Gelardi M, Vizzini A, Ercole E, Horak E, Ming Z, Li TH |title=Circumscription and taxonomic arrangement of Nigroboletus roseonigrescens gen. et sp. nov., a new member of Boletaceae from tropical south–eastern China |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015 |volume=10 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134295 |pages=e0134295 |pmid=26263180 |pmc=4532479}}
13. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Halling RE, Nuhn M, Fechner NA, Osmundson TW, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS, Binder M |title=Sutorius: a new genus for Boletus eximius |journal=Mycologia |date=April 11, 2012 |doi=10.3852/11-376 |pmid=22495445 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=951–61}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Halling RE, Nuhn M, Osmundson T, Fechner N, Trappe JM, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS, Binder M |title=Affinities of the Boletus chromapes group to Royoungia and the description of two new genera, Harrya and Australopilus |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |year=2012 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=418–31 |doi=10.1071/SB12028}}
15. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Halling RE, Fechner N, Nuhn M, Osmundson T, Soytong K, Arora D, Binder M, Hibbett D |title=Evolutionary relationships of Heimioporus and Boletellus (Boletales), with an emphasis on Australian taxa including new species and new combinations in Aureoboletus, Hemileccinum and Xerocomus |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |year=2015 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1071/SB14049}}
16. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Hosen MI, Feng B, Zhu XT, Li YC, Yang ZL |title=Borofutus, a new genus of Boletaceae from tropical Asia: phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2013 |doi=10.1007/s13225-012-0211-8 |volume=58 |pages=215–226}}
17. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Lebel T, Orihara T, Maekawa N |title=Erratum to: The sequestrate genus Rossbeevera T.Lebel & Orihara gen. nov. (Boletaceae) from Australasia and Japan: new species and new combinations |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2012 |volume=52 |pages=1–73 |doi=10.1007/s13225-011-0118-9}}
18. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Li YC, Feng B, Yang ZL |title=Zangia, a new genus of Boletaceae supported by molecular and morphological evidence |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2011 |volume=49 |pages=125–43 |doi=10.1007/s13225-011-0096-y}}
19. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=((Li Y-C)), Li F, ((Zeng N-K)), ((Cui Y-Y)), Yang ZL |title=A new genus Pseudoaustroboletus (Boletaceae, Boletales) from Asia as inferred from molecular and morphological data |journal=Mycological Progress |volume=13 |issue=4 |year=2014 |doi=10.1007/s11557-014-1011-1 |id=1011}}
20. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Matsuura M, Yamada M, Saikawa Y, Miyairi K, Okuno T, Konno K, Uenishi J, Hashimoto K, Nakata M |title=Bolevenine, a toxic protein from the Japanese toadstool Boletus venenatus |journal=Phytochemistry |year=2007 |volume=68 |issue=56 |pages=893–98 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.037 |pmid=17254619}}
21. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Nelson SF. |title=Bluing components and other pigments of Boletes |journal=Fungi |year=2010 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=11–14 |url=http://www.fungimag.com/fall-2010-articles/BoletesLR.pdf |format=PDF}}
22. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Orihara T, Sawada F, Ikeda S, Yamato M, Tanaka C, Shimomura N, Hashiya M, Iwase K |year=2010 |title=Taxonomic reconsideration of a sequestrate fungus, Octaviania columellifera, with the proposal of a new genus, Heliogaster, and its phylogenetic relationships in the Boletales |journal=Mycologia |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=108–21 |doi=10.3852/08-168 |pmid=20120234}}
23. ^1 {{cite book |author=Singer R. |title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |edition=4th |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |location=Königstein im Taunus, Germany |year=1986 |page= |isbn=3-87429-254-1}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author=Šutara J. |title=Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge |journal=Czech Mycology |year=2008 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=29–62 |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM60104F.pdf}}
25. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Trappe JM, Castellano MA, Halling RE, Osmundson TW, Binder M, Fechner N, Malajczuk N |title=Australasian sequestrate fungi 18: Solioccasus polychromus gen. & sp nov., a richly colored, tropical to subtropical, hypogeous fungus |journal=Mycologia |year=2013 |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=888–95 |doi=10.3852/12-046 |pmid=23709482}}
26. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |issue=146 |date=10 June 2014 |issn=2049-2375 |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.146.pdf}}
27. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |issue=147 |date=12 June 2014 |issn=2049-2375 |page=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.147.pdf}}
28. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |issue=183 |date=22 August 2014 |issn=2049-2375 |page=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.183.pdf}}
29. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Vizzini A. |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |date=7 June 2014 |page=1 |issue=176 |issn=2049-2375 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/Index%20Fungorum%20no.176.pdf}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=Vizzini A |title=Nomenclatural novelties |journal=Index Fungorum |issue=244 |date=26 May 2015 |issn=2049-2375|page=1 |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Publications/HTML/Index%20Fungorum244.html}}
31. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=Wolfe CB. |title=Mucilopilus, a new genus of the Boletaceae, with emphasis on North American taxa |journal=Mycotaxon |year=1979 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=116–32 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0010/001/0116.htm}}
32. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |vauthors=Wu G, Feng B, Xu J, ((Zhu X-T)), ((Li Y-C)), ((Zeng N-K)), Hosen MI, Yang ZL|title=Molecular phylogenetic analyses redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic clades in the fungal family Boletaceae |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2014 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=93–115 |doi=10.1007/s13225-014-0283-8}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |vauthors=Wu G, Zhao K, ((Li Y-C)), ((Zeng N-K)), Feng B, Halling R, Yang ZL |title=Four new genera of the fungal family Boletaceae |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=81 |pages=1 |year=2015 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0322-0}}
34. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=((Zeng N-K)), Cai Q, Yang ZL |title=Corneroboletus, a new genus to accommodate the southeastern Asian Boletus indecorus |journal=Mycologia |year=2012 |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1420–32 |doi=10.3852/11-326 |pmid=22684293}}
35. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=((Zeng N-K)), Wu G, ((Li Y-C)), ((Liang Z-Q)), Yang ZL |title=Crocinoboletus, a new genus of Boletaceae (Boletales) with unusual boletocrocin polyene pigments |journal=Phytotaxa |year=2014 |volume=175 |issue=3 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.175.3.2}}
36. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao K, Wu G, Yang ZL |title=A new genus, Rubroboletus, to accommodate Boletus sinicus and its allies |journal=Phytotaxa |year=2014 |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=61–77 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.188.2.1}}
37. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=((Zhu X-T)), ((Li Y-C)), Wu B, Feng B, Zhao K, Gelardi M, Kost GW, Yang ZL |title=The genus Imleria (Boletaceae) in East Asia |journal=Phytotaxa |year=2014|volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.191.1.5}}
[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
}}

Cited texts

  • {{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}

External links

{{Commons category|Boletaceae}}{{Wikispecies}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q899266}}

2 : Boletaceae|Basidiomycota families
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