| 词条 | Battle of Manzikert (1915) |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Battle of Manzikert | image = Russian-Caucas-Front-1916.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = | partof = the Caucasus Campaign in the Middle Eastern Theatre (World War I) | date = July 10–26, 1915[1] | place = Malazgirt, Bitlis Vilayet, Ottoman Empire | result = Ottoman victory[1][2] | combatant1 = {{flag|Russian Empire}} | combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} | commander1 = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Nikolai Yudenich {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} General Oganovski | commander2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Kerim Pasha | strength1 = 22,000[1] | strength2 = Third Army 40,000[1] | casualties1 = 7,000-10,000[1] | casualties2 = 6,000 prisoners[1] }}{{Campaignbox Caucasus Campaign}} The Battle of Manzikert or Battle of Malazgirt ({{lang-ru|Битва при Манцикерте}} Bytva pri Mantsikerte ;Turkish: Malazgirt Muharebesi[3]) was a battle of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I, in July 10–26, 1915. Even though losses were heavy on both sides, the Russians retreated north and the Turks retook Malazgirt then they further advanced towards Karakilise where they were defeated on 5–8 August at the Battle of Kara Killisse.[1] Background{{See also|Bergmann Offensive|Battle of Sarikamish|Battle of Ardahan|Defense of Van (1915)}}At the beginning of May the Russians captured Tutak and on 17 May the town of Malazgirt was captured. OperationsOn July 10, 1915, Russian General Oganovski launched an offensive to capture the hills just west of Malazgirt. He believed that the Turkish forces in the area were weak. However the Turkish forces contained several divisions numbering upwards of 40,000 men which was not known to the Russians. On July 16, the Ottoman Army counter-attacked under Abdul Kerim Pasha. They outnumbered the Russians by a factor of 3-1. Oganovski was forced to retreat back to Malazgirt, and in the process the Turks captured his baggage train. On July 20, the Turks retook Malazgirt and on 27 July Muş from the Russians.[4] Due to the bad quality of the Russian communications, Yudenich, who was the Russian commander of the Caucasus front, did not learn that the Russian army was in retreat until July 22. AftermathThe Russian army in Malazgirt was outnumbered 3-1 by the Ottoman army. Realizing that if the Ottomans attacked, his army would be destroyed, Yudenich ordered a retreat. The Russians retreated from Malazgirt, and the entire Van region as well. This left the city of Van open to an Ottoman attack, and the Ottomans captured the city on August 22. However Malazgirt was re-captured after the Ottomans were defeated at the Battle of Kara Killisse when Yudenich quickly regrouped his forces, fired Oganovski, and launched a counter-offensive. Russian casualties were reported to be about 10,000. Malazgirt was recaptured but Yudenich did not have a force large enough to exploit the situation further. Effects on moraleThe morale of the Turkish leadership was lifted by the victory at Malazgirt[4] and Abdulkerim Pasha was encouraged by his success to follow the Russians. However, in the following battle of Karakilise in August the Turks were defeated and this in turn raised Russian morale. References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=William Edward David|last2=Muratoff|first2=Paul|title=Caucasian Battlefields|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108013352|page=|pages=311| quote= The Malazgirt victory raised a certain optimism in Turkish governing circles...}} {{cite book2. ^{{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313335389|page=622| quote=Further costly fighting saw the Russians defeated and withdraw north towards Karakilise...Turkish General Abdulkerim Pasha secured victory north of Lake Van at Malazgirt (26 July),}} 3. ^Fahri Belen, XX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti, Remzi Kitabevi, 1975, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=rUHWTI_FNoX8vQPw7cjHCQ&ct=result&id=Oq8cAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Malazgirt+Muharebesi%22+1915&q=%22Malazgirt+Muharebesi#search_anchor p. 257.] {{Tr icon}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|last1=Dowling|first1=Timothy C.|title=Russia at War|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598849486|page=504}} | last = Falls | first = Cyril | authorlink = Cyril Falls | title = The Great War | publisher = G.P. Putnam's & Sons | year = 1959 | location = New York | pages = 158–160 }}{{Ottoman battles in the 20th century}}{{coord missing|Turkey}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Manzikert, Battle of}} 8 : Conflicts in 1915|Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire|Battles of World War I involving Russia|Battles of the Caucasus Campaign|History of Muş Province|1915 in the Ottoman Empire|Bitlis Vilayet|July 1915 events |
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