| 词条 | Battle of Roncesvalles (1813) |
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|conflict =Battle of Roncesvalles |partof =the Peninsular War |image =Combat of Roncesvalles by Charles Oman 1922.jpg |caption =Image is a map of the Combat of Roncesvalles. It is copied from Sir Charles Oman's "A History of the Peninsular War: Volume VI" which was originally published in 1922. Oman died in 1946. |date =25 July 1813 |place =Roncevaux Pass, Spain |coordinates = |map_type = |map_relief = |latitude = |longitude = |map_size = |map_marksize = |map_caption = |map_label = |territory = |result =French victory |status = |combatant1 ={{flagicon|France|23px}} French Empire |combatant2 ={{flagicon|United Kingdom|23px}} United Kingdom {{flagicon image|Flag Portugal (1750).svg|23px}} Portugal |commander1 ={{flagicon|France|23px}} General Reille |commander2 ={{flagicon|United Kingdom|23px}} Major-General Cole |units1 = |units2 = |strength1 =40,000 men 8 guns |strength2 =11,000 men |casualties1 =200 dead or wounded |casualties2 =450 dead or wounded |notes = |campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Peninsular War (1813-1814)}} }} The Battle of Roncesvalles ({{lang-fr|Roncevaux}}) (25 July 1813) was a battle between French and Anglo-Portuguese forces during the Peninsular War (1808–1814). BackgroundAfter the decisive victory of Allied forces under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington over French forces under King Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria, Wellington advanced to capture San Sebastián and Pamplona, the last French outposts on Spanish soil. While Wellington concentrated his efforts on capturing the strategically important port of San Sebastián, he sent 11,000 men under the Irish-Spanish General O'Donnell to blockade Pamplona. To prevent a French counter-attack over the Pyrenees Wellington positioned General Hill's Corps over a {{convert|50|mi|km}} front, to cover the coastal road and the main passes over the mountains. BattleHaving rapidly rebuilt and reorganised his forces after their defeat, the French under Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult launched an attack towards Pamplona through the passes of Maya and Roncesvalles. The French force at Roncesvalles consisted of 40,000 men and 8 mountain guns under Generals Reille and Clausel. The pass was defended by the British 4th Division commanded by Major-General Galbraith Lowry Cole and was helped by the Portuguese 4/10 brigade. The French attacked from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port advancing in two columns either side of the pass. Clausel on the Altobiscar and Reille on the Linduz. At around 06:00 the two armies met. The British were badly outnumbered, John Byng's brigade on the eastern side held Bertrand Clausel's division at bay for three hours before being forced back. By 14:00 Cole brought up three more brigades as reinforcements. However, around 17:00 a dense fog descended over the battlefield, just as the Portuguese 4/10 brigade repelled French attacks in the Val de Baigorry. Cole, despite orders to the contrary, ordered his troops to retreat towards Pamplona. AftermathThe Allied forces regrouped and made a stand near the village of Sorauren at the Battle of Sorauren. Later Wellington admitted that splitting his forces in order to besiege both San Sebastián and Pamplona simultaneously was "one of the greatest faults he ever committed in war". Colonel Walter O'Hara, who fought in the battle, would name Roncesvalles Avenue in Toronto after the battle. The Roncesvalles, Toronto, neighbourhood, in turn, gained its name from the street. Notes{{no footnotes|date=July 2012}}References
7 : Conflicts in 1813|Battles of the Peninsular War|Battles involving France|Battles involving the United Kingdom|Battles involving Portugal|1813 in Spain|July 1813 events |
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