| 词条 | Battle of the Caucasus |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Battle of the Caucasus | partof = the Eastern Front of World War II | image = Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png | image_size = 300 | caption = German advances in summer of 1942. | date = 25 July 1942 – 12 May 1944 | place = Greater Caucasus, Soviet Union | territory = | result = Soviet victory. Axis evacuation of the area in 1943 | status = | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Germany {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} Romania {{flagicon|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} Slovakia {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Italy {{flagicon image|Flag of Mountain ASSR (1921-1924).svg}} Chechnya-Ingushetia | combatant2 = {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} | commander1 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Wilhelm List {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Paul von Kleist {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Richard Ruoff {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} Petre Dumitrescu {{flagicon image|Flag of Mountain ASSR (1921-1924).svg}} Hasan Israilov{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Mountain ASSR (1921-1924).svg}} Mairbek Sheripov{{KIA}} | commander2 = {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Semyon Budyonny {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Ivan Tyulenev {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Ivan Petrov {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Ivan Maslennikov {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} Rodion Malinovsky {{flagicon|Soviet Union|naval}} Filipp Oktyabrsky {{flagicon|Soviet Union|naval}} Lev Vladimirsky | units1 = | units2 = | strength1 = July, 1942: 170,000 men 1,130 tanks 4,500 guns and mortars ~1,000 aircraft January, 1943: 764,000 men 700 tanks 5,290 guns and mortars 530 aircraft 6,500-18,000 insurgents (1943) | strength2 = July, 1942: 112,000 men 121 tanks 2,160 guns and mortars 230 aircraft January, 1943: 1,000,000+ men ~1,300 tanks 11,300+ guns and mortars 900 aircraft | casualties1 = 281,000 casualties ~4,300 insurgents killed | casualties2 = 344,000 casualties | notes = | campaignbox = }}{{Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War}}{{Campaignbox Operation Blue to 3rd Kharkov}}{{Campaignbox Crimea and Caucasus}}{{Romanian military actions in World War II}} The Battle of the Caucasus is a name given to a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus area on the Eastern Front of World War II. On 25 July 1942, German troops captured Rostov-on-Don, Russia, opening the Caucasus region of the southern Soviet Union, and the oil fields beyond at Maikop, Grozny, and ultimately Baku, to the Germans. Two days prior, Adolf Hitler issued a directive to launch such an operation into the Caucasus region, to be named Operation Edelweiß. German forces were compelled to withdraw from the area that winter as Operation Little Saturn threatened to cut them off. Order of battleRed Army
WehrmachtArmy Group A - General Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) Wilhelm List
German operationsOperation Edelweiss ({{lang-de|Edelweiß}}), named after the mountain flower, was a German plan to gain control over the Caucasus and capture the oil fields of Baku during the Soviet-German War. The operation was authorised by Hitler on 23 July 1942. The main forces included Army Group A commanded by Wilhelm List, 1st Panzer Army (Ewald von Kleist), 4th Panzer Army (Colonel-General Hermann Hoth), 17th Army (Colonel-General Richard Ruoff), part of the Luftflotte 4 (Generalfeldmarschall Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen) and the 3rd Romanian Army (General Petre Dumitrescu). Army Group A was supported to the east by Army Group B commanded by Fedor von Bock and by the remaining 4th Air Fleet aircraft (1,000 aircraft in all). The land forces, accompanied by 15,000 oil industry workers, included 167,000 troopers, 4,540 guns and 1,130 tanks. PreparationsSeveral oil firms such as "German Oil on Caucasus", "Ost-Öl" and "Karpaten-Öl" had been established in Germany. They were awarded an exclusive 99-year lease to exploit the Caucasian oil fields. For this purpose, a large number of pipes—which later proved useful to Soviet oil industry workers—were delivered. A special economic inspection "A", headed by Lieutenant-General Nidenfuhr was created. Bombing of the oil fields was forbidden. To defend them from destruction by Soviet units under the command of Nikolai Baibakov and Semyon Budyonny, an SS guard regiment and a Cossack regiment were formed. The head of the Abwehr developed Operation Schamil, which called for landing in the Grozny, Malgobek and Maikop regions. They would be supported by the local fifth column. EventsAfter neutralizing the Soviet counter-attack in the Izyum-Barvenkovsk direction the German Army Group A rapidly attacked towards the Caucasus. When Rostov-on-Don, nicknamed "The Gates of Caucasus," fell on 23 July 1942, the tank units of Ewald von Kleist moved across the Caucasian Mountain Range. The "Edelweiss" division commander, Hubert Lanz, decided to advance through the gorges of rivers of the Kuban River basin and by crossing the Marukhskiy Pass (Maly Zelenchuk River), Teberda, Uchkulan reach the Klukhorskiy Pass, and simultaneously through the Khotyu-tau Pass block the upper reaches of the Baksan River and the Donguz-Orun and Becho passes. Concurrently with the outflanking maneuvers, the Caucasian Mountain Range was supposed to be crossed through such passes as Sancharo, Klukhorskiy and Marukhskiy to reach Kutaisi, Zugdidi, Sukhumi and the Soviet Georgian capital city of Tbilisi. The units of the 4th German Mountain Division, manned with Tyroleans, were active in this thrust. They succeeded in advancing 30 km toward Sukhumi. To attack from the Kuban region, capture the passes that led to Elbrus, and cover the "Edelweiss" flank, a vanguard detachment of 150 men commanded by Captain (Hauptmann) Heinz Groth, was formed. From the Old Karachay through the Khurzuk aul and the Ullu-kam Gorge the detachment reached the Khotyu-tau Pass, which had not been defended by the Soviet troops. Khotyu-tau gained a new name — "The Pass of General Konrad". The starting point of the operation on the Krasnodar-Pyatigorsk-Maikop line was reached on 10 August 1942. On 16 August the battalion commanded by von Hirschfeld made a feint and reached the Kadar Gorge. On 21 August troops from the 1st Mountain Division planted the flag of Nazi Germany on the summit of Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in the Caucasus and Europe.
Soviet operations1941There were no military operations in the region in 1941. But the region was affected by warfare elsewhere in the Soviet Union. In his memoirs, Soviet Transcaucasian Front commander Ivan Tiulenev recounts how thousands of civilians attempted to flee from Ukraine to the comparatively safe Caspian ports, such as Makhachkala and Baku.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} The Caucasus area became a new area of industry when 226 factories were evacuated there during the industrial evacuations undertaken by the Soviet Union in 1941. After the Grozny to Kiev line was captured during Axis advances, a new link between Moscow and Transcaucasia was established with the construction of the new railway line running from Baku to Orsk (via Astrakhan), bypassing the front line Grozny, while a shipping line was maintained over the Caspian Sea through the town of Krasnovodsk in Turkmenistan. 1942In 1942, the German Army launched Operation Edelweiss which was aimed at advancing to the oil field of Azerbaijan. The German offensive slowed as it entered the mountains in the southern Caucasus and did not reach all of its 1942 objectives. After the Soviet breakthroughs in the region around Stalingrad, the German forces in the Caucasus were put on the defensive. Soviet military operations included Tikhoretsk-Stavropol Defensive Operation (25 July – 5 August 1942) Armavir-Maikop Defensive Operation (6–17 August 1942) Novorossiysk Defensive Operation (19 August – 26 September 1942) Mozdok-Malgobek Defensive Operation (1–28 September 1942) Tuapse Defensive Operation (25 September – 20 December 1942) Nalckik-Ordzhonikidze Defensive Operation (25 October – 12 November 1942) 1943In early 1943, the Germans began to withdraw and consolidate their positions in the region due to setbacks elsewhere. They established a defensive line (Kuban bridgehead) in the Taman Peninsula from which they hoped to eventually launch new operations in the Caucasus. The fighting remained reasonably static until September 1943 when the Germans ordered fresh withdrawals which effectively ended the period of fighting in the Caucasus. Soviet Operations in 1943 consisted of the following. Salsk-Rostov Offensive Operation (1 January 1943 – 4 February 1943) Mozdok-Stavropol Offensive Operation (1 January 1943 – 24 January 1943) Novorossiysk-Maikop Offensive Operation (11 January 1943 – 4 February 1943) Tikhoretsk-Eisk Offensive Operation (24 January 1943 – 4 February 1943) The key military base of Novorossiysk was retaken in September, 1943.
1944During the Winter Spring Campaign of 1944 (1 January - 31 May), the Soviet army was able to launch an invasion of the Crimea from the Caucasus. Operations included: Kerch-Eltingen Amphibious Offensive Operation (31 October 1943 – 11 December 1944) Perekop-Sevastopol Offensive Operation (8 April 1944 – 12 May 1944) Kerch-Sevastopol Offensive Operation (11 April 1944 – 12 May 1944) Anti-Soviet insurgency (1940–1944)
See also
References{{More footnotes|date=October 2008}}
1. ^Robert Forczyk, The Caucasus 1942–43: Kleist’s race for oil Bibliography
External links
| portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Nazi Germany | portal3=Soviet Union | portal4=World War II | commons=y | commons-search=Category:Battle of the Caucasus }}{{coord missing|Russia}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Caucasus}} 10 : Conflicts in 1941|Conflicts in 1942|Conflicts in 1943|Conflicts in 1944|Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War|World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front|Battles of World War II involving Germany|Battles involving Chechnya|Mountain warfare|History of the Caucasus under the Soviet Union |
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