| 词条 | Battle of the Ten Kings |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of the Ten Kings |date=c. 14th century BCE[1] |place=Near Parusni River (modern Ravi), Punjab |result=Decisive Trtsu-Bharata victory |territory=Rigvedic tribes conquered by Sudas
|combatant1=Trtsu-Bharata (Indo-Aryans) |combatant2=Alina Anu Bhrigus (Indo-Aryans) Bhalanas Dasa (Dahae?) Druhyus (Gandharis) Matsya (Indo-Aryans) Parsu (Persians) Purus (Indo-Aryans) Panis (Parni) |commander1=King Sudas Vashishta |commander2=The Ten Kings Samvaran Vishvamitra |strength1=Unknown but less |strength2=More than 6,666 |casualties1=Unknown but less |casualties2=6,666 (Mandala 7) }} The Battle of the Ten Kings (दशराज्ञ युद्ध Daśarājñá yuddhá) is a battle alluded to in the Rigveda (Book 7, hymns 18, 33 and 83.4–8),{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=1}} the ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. The battle took place during the middle or main Rigvedic period,[2] near the Ravi River in Punjab. It was a battle between the Puru Vedic Aryan tribal kingdoms of the Bharatas, allied with other tribes of the north west India, and the Trtsu-Bharata (Puru) king Sudas, who defeats other Vedic tribes. SourcesK. F. Geldner in his 1951 translation of the Rigveda considers the hymns as "obviously based on an historical event", even though all details save for what is preserved in the hymns have been lost. Further details have been provided in an incisive discussion of this hymn by H.P. Schmidt.[3]Belligerents{{further information|Rigvedic tribes}}The Trtsu are the tribe led by king Sudas. Sudas himself is included in the "ten kings", as the Trtsus are said to be surrounded by ten kings in 7.33.5. But it is not made explicit how this number is supposed to be broken down: if of the tribes mentioned in 7.18, the Turvasas, Yaksuss (pun for Yadu),[3] Matsyas, Bhrgus, Druhyus, Pakthas, Bhalanas, Alinas, Shivas and Visanins are counted, the full number is reached, leaving the Anavas (7.18.14), the Ajas and Sigrus (7.18.19) and the "21 men of both Vaikarna tribes" (7.18.11) without a king, and implying that Bheda (7.18.19, also mentioned 7.33.3 and 7.83.4, the main leader slain by Sudas), Shimyu (7.18.5), and Kavasa (7.18.12) are the names of individual kings. The Bharatas are named among the enemies in 7.33 but not in 7.18.
BackgroundThe situation leading up to the battle is described in 7.18.6: The Turvasas and Yaksus (Yadu),[3] together with the Matsya tribe (punned upon by the rishi by comparing them to hungry fish (matsya) flocking together)[3] appear and ally themselves with the Bhrigus and the Druhyus. Adaptations and retellingsIn Ten Kings: Dasarajna, Ashok Banker retells a fictional account of the epic battle.{{cn|date=September 2017}} ReferencesCitations1. ^Witzel, Michael (2000). "The Languages of Harappa". In Kenoyer, J.. Proceedings of the conference on the Indus civilization. 2. ^Witzel (2000): between approximately 1450 and 1300 BCE 3. ^1 2 3 Schmidt, H.P. Notes on Rgveda 7.18.5–10. Indica. Organ of the Heras Institute, Bombay. Vol.17, 1980, 41–47. 4. ^Macdonell, A. A. and Keith, A. B. (1912). Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, I, 39. 5. ^Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, I, 39. 6. ^Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index I 22. 7. ^Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index. 8. ^Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index, 1912, II 122. 9. ^Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index. This is based on the evidence of an Assyrian inscription of 844 BCE referring to the Persians as Paršu, and the Behistun Inscription of Darius I of Persia referring to Parsa (Pārsa) as the area of the Persians. Radhakumud Mookerji (1988). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times (p. 23). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|81-208-0405-8}}. Sources{{refbegin}}
2 : Rigveda|Battles involving the Indian kingdoms |
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