“Behchokǫ̀”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The north arm of Great Slave Lake is the traditional territory of the Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib), a northern Dene (formerly called Athapaskan) group. Explorer Samuel Hearne was the first European to encounter Dogrib-speaking people while crossing the barren lands north of Great Slave Lake in 1772. Later, in 1789, trader Alexander Mackenzie traveled by canoe very close to their territory while trading with the Yellowknives, another First Nations peoples, along the north arm of the big lake.

The first trading post in this region was at the entrance of Yellowknife Bay, established in 1789 by the North West Company, a post known as Old Fort Providence. It was established for the benefit of both the Yellowknives and Dogrib Dene but it was not a significant trading centre and closed in 1823. Dogrib Dene were then required to enter into trade with Hudson's Bay Company posts on the south side of Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution at the mouth of the Slave River. Historically, the Dogrib and the Yellowknives Dene have quarrelled. By the 1830s, Edzo, the Dogrib leader and Akaitcho, the Yellowknives leader, made peace. Afterwards, the Dogrib's returned to their traditional hunting grounds.^[9]

Fort Rae was first established on a prominent peninsula on the north shore of the north arm of Great Slave Lake in 1852 as a wintering provision post for the Hudson's Bay Company. It was named for Scotsman explorer John Rae, who was among the explorers looking for remains of Sir John Franklin's expedition in the Arctic. It became an important trading post for the Dogrib Dene. In the early 20th century, free traders penetrated a monopoly previously held by the HBC. Ed Nagle and Jack Hislop opened a new trading post at the very northern tip of the north arm where Marian Lake connects to Great Slave Lake. As this location was much closer to many of the Dene families living on the land, it became the area of choice for trade. The HBC abandoned the old Fort Rae and set up a post next to Hislop and Nagle.^[10]

As the community grew alongside increased services such as a mission-run hospital and church, the government viewed the topography of Fort Rae as unsuitable for expansion. In the 1950s there was concern about runoff from animal and human wastes contaminating sources of drinking water, and the government proposed constructing a new settlement on more favourable terrain. The community became known as Edzo and was located on the west side of the Frank Channel opposite Fort Rae a {{convert|24|km|abbr=on}} drive away.^[8] Most of the Dene families refused to move from their community so that Rae ({{coor|62|49|43|N|116|03|08|W|region:CA-NT|name=Rae}}) and Edzo ({{coor|62|46|30|N|116|02|26|W|region:CA-NT|name=Edzo}}) (Rae-Edzo) became two separate communities although administered together.^[11]

The name Rae-Edzo was changed 4 August 2005 to Behchokǫ̀. The biggest names in Tłı̨chǫ history are Edzo, Bruneau, and Monfwi. All men were Dogrib chiefs at important periods in their cultural history; Edzo signed the peace pact with the Yellowknives Dene in the 1820s, Jimmy Bruneau was a long-standing chief in the 20th century, and Monfwi signed Treaty 11 with the Canadian Government in 1921 and created the Tłı̨chǫ annual assembly in 1932.

Demographics

According to the 2016 Census the population was 1,874,^[12] an decrease of 2.7% over the 2011 Census. According to the 2016 Census the Indigenous population was made up of 1,695 First Nations and 50 Métis people.^[12] In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 2,227 with an average yearly growth rate of 1.2 from 2006.^[5]

First Nations

One of the four Tłı̨chǫ communities, it is the largest Dene community in Canada.^[14] Behchokǫ̀ was the site of the signing of the Tłı̨chǫ land claim agreement that brought about the Tlicho Government.^[15]

Transportation

The main street within Behchokǫ̀ is Donda Tili, which connects to the Yellowknife Highway and then to either Yellowknife or south to Fort Providence and southern Canada. Three ice roads are available during winter to connect to Gamèti, Wekweeti and Whatì to the north and west.^[16]

The closest major public airport is Yellowknife Airport via an hour drive east. Nearby Rae/Edzo Airport is a private airport.

Services

Religious

Community

Businesses

Government

Medical

There is no hospital in town; the nearest is Stanton Territorial Hospital in Yellowknife and only basic health services are provided by Mary Adele Bishop Health Centre. The local dental clinic is private and a Mental Health and Addictions Services centre.

Housing issues

Behchokǫ̀ has been facing a long term and chronic housing crisis due multiple issues: insufficient funding for affordable units, disrepair of existing housing stock and inability of many living in public housing to pay rent.^[22]

Further reading

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Tlicho_Community_Gov.pdf | title=Tlicho Community Government Act, S.N.W.T. 2004, c.7 | publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories | type=PDF | pages=16–17 and 20 | date=August 4, 2005 | accessdate=January 12, 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018154024/http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Tlicho_Community_Gov.pdf | archivedate=October 18, 2013 | df= }}
2. ^{{MACANT|behchokǫ̀|Behchokǫ̀|2017-10-29}}
3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.pwnhc.ca/cultural-places/geographic-names/community-names/#4/65.98/-119.97 |title= Northwest Territories Official Community Names and Pronunciation Guide |website= Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre |publisher= Education, Culture and Employment, Government of the Northwest Territories |location= Yellowknife |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160113110003/http://www.pwnhc.ca/cultural-places/geographic-names/community-names/ |archive-date= 2016-01-13 |dead-url= no |access-date= 2016-01-13}}
4. ^{{CFS}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web |url= https://www.statsnwt.ca/community-data/Profile-PDF/Behchoko.pdf |title= Behchoko - Statistical Profile (2006-2017) |publisher = NWT Bureau of Statistics |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134639/https://www.statsnwt.ca/community-data/Profile-PDF/Behchoko.pdf |dead-url=no |archive-date= 2018-08-29}}
6. ^{{CFS}}
7. ^Differences in Community Government Structures
8. ^¹[https://www.statsnwt.ca/community-data/infrastructure/Behchoko.html NWT Bureau of Statistics - Behchokǫ̀]
9. ^Communities Economic Reference Library; Department of Industry, Tourism and Investment. pg 181.(2006).
10. ^Zinovich, Jordan. "Battling the Bay: The Turn of the Century Adventures of Fur Trader Ed Nagle." Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 1992.
11. ^Grainge, Jack. "The Changing North: Recollections of an early environmentalist." Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute Press, 1999.
12. ^¹²³[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=6103031&Geo2=PR&Code2=61&Data=Count&SearchText=Behchok%C3%B2&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=6103031&TABID=1 Behchokò, CG Northwest Territories (Census subdivision)]
13. ^[https://www.statsnwt.ca/population/population-estimates/commtotals_2001-2017.xlsx Population Estimates By Community] from the GNWT
14. ^Behchokǫ̀. Although the Saskatchewan community of La Loche is listed with a populatipn of 2611 in 2011 with more than 95% of the population Dene speaking by Wikipedia. at the Tłı̨chǫ First Nations site
15. ^Government of the NWT news release on land claims signing {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212163741/http://www.gov.nt.ca/MAA/newsreleases/tlicho_land_claim.htm |date=February 12, 2009 }}
16. ^Winter Roads
17. ^About Chief Jimmy Bruneau Regional High School
18. ^Hyway3 Transport
19. ^Behchoko fire truck sent for repairs
20. ^Behchoko detachment Northwest Territories
21. ^[https://norj.ca/2014/06/local-boost-for-behchoko-health-care-services/ Local boost for Behchoko health care services]
22. ^Evicted and homeless: housing crisis in Behchoko, N.W.T. has no easy solutions

History