“Belarusian phonology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Belarusian phonology

释义

Distinctive features
Vowels
Consonants
References
Bibliography
Further reading

{{selfref|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Belarusian for Wikipedia articles, see IPA/Belarusian.}}{{IPA notice}}

The phonological system of the modern Belarusian language consists of at least 44 phonemes: 5 vowels and 39 consonants. Consonants may also be geminated. There is not absolute agreement on the number of phonemes, so that rarer or contextually variant sounds are included by some scholars.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

Many consonants may form pairs that differ only in palatalization (called hard vs soft consonants, the latter being represented in the IPA with the symbol {{angbr|{{IPA|ʲ}}}}). In some of such pairs, the place of articulation is additionally changed (see distinctive features below). There are also unpaired consonants that have no corollary in palatalization.

Distinctive features

As an East Slavic language, Belarusian phonology is very similar to both Russian and Ukrainian phonology. The primary differences are:^[1]

Akannye ({{lang-be|аканне}}) – the merger of unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} into {{IPA|/a/}}. The pronunciation of the merged vowel is a clear open front unrounded vowel {{IPA|[a]}}, including after soft consonants and {{IPA|/j/}}. In standard Russian akanye, the merger happens only after hard consonants; after soft consonants, {{IPA|/o/}} merges with {{IPA|/i/}} instead. Ukrainian does not have this merger at all. In Belarusian, unlike Russian, this change is reflected in spelling: compare {{wikt-lang|be|галава́}} "head", pronounced {{audio-IPA|Be-галава.ogg|[ɣalaˈva]}}, with Russian {{wikt-lang|ru|голова́}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-голова.ogg|[ɡəlɐˈva]}} and Ukrainian {{wikt-lang|uk|голова́}} {{audio-IPA|Uk-голова.ogg|[ɦɔlɔˈu̯ɑ]}}.
Lack of ikanye, the Russian sound change in which unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} has merged with {{IPA|/i/}}, and unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} with {{IPA|/i/}} after soft consonants. Instead, unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} merges with {{IPA|/a/}}. Compare Belarusian {{wikt-lang|be|зямля́}} {{audio-IPA|Be-зямля.ogg|[zʲamˈlʲa]}} with Russian {{wikt-lang|ru|земля́}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-земля.ogg|[zʲɪˈmlʲa]}} and Ukrainian {{audio-IPA|Uk-земля.ogg|[zeˈmlʲɑ]}}.
Unlike in Russian, there is no emphasized separation after the {{IPA|/j/}} in the pronunciation of the iotified {{IPA|/ja/}}, {{IPA|/jo/}}, {{IPA|/je/}} and {{IPA|/ji/}}.^[2] This means palatalized consonants are always palatalized and iotification is not separable as happens in Russian.
Tsyekannye ({{lang-be|цеканне}}) and dzyekannye ({{lang-be|дзеканне}}) – the pronunciation of Old East Slavic {{IPA|/tʲ, dʲ/}} as soft affricates {{IPA|[tsʲ, dzʲ]}}. This occurs in {{wikt-lang|be|дзе́сяць}} "ten", pronounced {{IPA-be|ˈdzʲɛsʲatsʲ|}}; compare Russian {{wikt-lang|ru|де́сять}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-десять.ogg|[ˈdʲesʲɪtʲ]}}, Ukrainian {{wikt-lang|uk|де́сять}} {{audio-IPA|Uk-десять.ogg|[ˈdɛsʲɐtʲ]}}. (Many Russian speakers similarly affricate phonemic {{IPA|/tʲ, dʲ/}}, but this is not universal and not written.)
Relatively stronger palatalization of {{IPA|/sʲ/}} and {{IPA|/zʲ/}}.^[3]
Postalveolar consonants are all hard (laminal retroflex) while Russian and Ukrainian have both hard and soft postalveolars.
{{IPA|/rʲ/}} has hardened and merged with {{IPA|/r/}}.
Unlike in standard Russian, historical {{IPA|/l/}} before consonants has merged with {{IPA|/v/}} and is pronounced {{IPA|[w]}}. This is reflected in the spelling, which uses a special symbol known as "non-syllabic u" ({{lang-be|у нескладовae}}),^[4] written as an {{angbr|u}} with a breve diacritic on top of it: {{angbr|{{lang|be|ў}}}},^? {{angbr|{{lang|be-Latn|ŭ}}}}.^?
Proto-Slavic {{IPA|/e/}} shifted to Belarusian and Russian {{IPA|/o/}} before a hard consonant. Compare the Belarusian word for "green", {{wikt-lang|be|зялёны}} {{IPA-be|zʲaˈlʲɔnɨ|}}, and the Russian word, {{wikt-lang|ru|зелёный}} {{IPA-be|zʲɪˈlʲɵnɨj|}}, with Ukrainian {{wikt-lang|uk|зеле́ний}} {{IPA-uk|zeˈlɛnɛj|}}.

Note also that, unlike in Russian, Belarusian spelling closely represents surface phonology rather than the underlying morphophonology. For example, akannye, tsyekannye, dzyekannye and the {{IPA|[w]}} allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are all written. The representation of akannye in particular introduces striking differences between Russian and Belarusian orthography.{{examples needed|date=October 2015}}

Vowels

Front	Central	Back
Close	i}}	ɨ}}]	u}}
Mid	e}}	ə}}	o̞\|ɔ}}
Open	a}}

Belarusian Cyrillic script	Belarusian Latin script	IPA	Description	Belarusian example
i	i	{{IPA\|/i/}}	close front unrounded	be\|лiст}} ('leaf')
э	ĕ	{{IPA\|/ə/ [ə]}}	mid-central	be\|гэты}} ('this one')
е	e	{{IPA\|/e/}}	mid front unrounded	be\|стагоддзе }}
ы	y	{{IPA\|[ɨ]}}	close central unrounded	be\|мыш}} ('mouse')
a	a	{{IPA\|/a/}}	open central unrounded	be\|кат}} ('executioner')
у	u	{{IPA\|/u/}}	close back rounded	be\|шум}} ('noise')
о	o	{{IPA\|/o/ [ɔ]}}	open-mid back rounded	be\|кот}} ('cat')

As with Russian, {{IPA|[ɨ]}} is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of {{IPA|/i/}} occurring after non-palatalized consonants.^[5]

Consonants

The consonants of Belarusian are as follows:^[6]

	Labial		Alveolar, Dental		Retroflex	Dorsal
	plain	pal.	plain	pal.	Retroflex	plain	pal.
Nasal	m}}	mʲ}}	n̪}}	n̪ʲ}}
Stop	p}} {{IPAlink\|b}}	pʲ}} {{IPA\|bʲ}}	t̪}} {{IPAlink\|d̪}}	k}} ({{IPAlink\|ɡ}})	kʲ}} ({{IPA\|ɡʲ}})
Affricate	ts̪}} {{IPAlink\|dz̪}}	ts̪ʲ}} {{IPA\|dz̪ʲ}}	ʈʂ}} {{IPAlink\|ɖʐ}}
Fricative	f}} {{IPAlink\|v}}	fʲ}} {{IPA\|vʲ}}	s}} {{IPAlink\|z}}	sʲ}} {{IPA\|zʲ}}	ʂ}} {{IPAlink\|ʐ}}	x}} {{IPAlink\|ɣ}}	xʲ}} {{IPA\|ɣʲ}}
Approximant (Lateral)	w}})	l̪}}	l̪ʲ}}	j}})	j}}
Trill	r}}

As in Dutch, the rare phonemes {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} are present only in several borrowed words: {{lang|be|ганак}} {{IPA|[ˈɡanak]}}, {{lang|be|гузік}} {{IPA|[ˈɡuzik]}}, {{lang|be|гандаль}} {{IPA|[ˈɡandalʲ]}}. Other borrowed words have the fricative pronunciation: {{lang|be|геаграфія}} {{IPA|[ɣʲeaˈɣrafʲija]}} ('geography'). In addition, {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/kʲ/}} respectively, when voiced by regressive assimilation, as in {{lang|be|вакзал}} {{IPA|[vaɡˈzal]}} 'train station'.

In the syllable coda, {{IPA|/v/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} or {{IPA|[u̯]}}, forming diphthongs, and is spelled {{angle bracket|{{lang|be|ў}}}}.^[7] {{IPA|[w]}} sometimes derives etymologically from {{IPA|/l/}}, as with {{lang|be|воўк}} {{IPA|[vɔwk]}} ('wolf'), which comes from Proto-Slavic {{lang|sla|*vьlkъ}} (as with Dutch {{lang|nl|goud}} 'gold'). Similar to Ukrainian, there are also alternations between {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} in the past tense of verbs:^[8] for example, {{lang|be|ду́маў}} {{IPA|/ˈdumaw/}} "(he) thought" versus {{lang|be|ду́мала}} {{IPA|/ˈdumala/}} "(she) thought". This evolved historically from a spelling with -л ({{lang|be|ду́мал}}) which delingualized like the {{lang|pl|Ł}} in Polish (cognate {{lang|pl|dumał}}, "he mused").

The geminated variations are transcribed as follows:

{{lang|be|падарожжа}} {{IPA|[padaˈroʒʒa]}}
{{lang|be|ззяць}} {{IPA|[zʲzʲatsʲ]}}
{{lang|be|стагоддзе}} {{IPA|[staˈɣoddzʲe]}}
{{lang|be|каханне}} {{IPA|[kaˈxanʲnʲe]}}
{{lang|be|рассячы}} {{IPA|[rasʲˈsʲatʃɨ]}}
{{lang|be|ліхалецце}} {{IPA|[lʲixaˈlʲettsʲe]}}
{{lang|be|сярэднявечча}} {{IPA|[sʲarɛdnʲaˈvʲettʃa]}}.

References

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Sussex|Cubberly|2006|p=53}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Padluzhny|1989|p=53}}
3. ^"Stronger than in Russian, weaker than in Polish", per {{lang|be|Беларуская мова...}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Padluzhny|1989|p=54}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Mayo|2002|p=890}}
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Mayo|2002|p=891}}
7. ^{{cite encyclopedia |first=S. |last=Young |date=2006 |title=Belorussian |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language and linguistics |edition=2nd}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Mayo|2002|p=899}}

Bibliography

{{citation

|title=Belaruskaia mova
|publisher=Vysheishaia shkola
|year=1991
|isbn=5-339-00539-9
|editor1-link=Bernard Comrie}}

{{citation

|chapter=Belorussian
|first=Peter
|last=Mayo
|pages=887–946
|title=The Slavonic Languages
|editor1-last=Comrie
|editor1-first=Bernard
|editor2-last=Corbett
|editor2-first=G. G.
|location=London
|publisher=Routledge
|year=2002
|isbn=0-415-28078-8
|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA887
|editor1-link=Bernard Comrie}}

{{citation

|last=Padluzhny
|first=Ped
|title= Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy
|year=1989
|pages=335
|isbn=5-343-00292-7
}}

{{citation

|last =Sussex
|first= Roland
|last2 =Cubberly
|first2= Paul
|year= 2006
|title= The Slavic Languages
|place= Cambridge
|publisher= Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-22315-6
}}{{Refend}}

Distinctive features

Vowels

Consonants

References

Bibliography

Further reading