“Belgian nobility”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Belgian nobility comprises individuals and (some members of) families recognized by the Kingdom of Belgium as members of a certain class of persons. Historically, these individuals were a socially privileged class enjoying a certain degree of prestige in society. In contemporary society, much of the historic social privileges associated with being a member of the nobility has become somewhat reduced reflecting the present-day notion of egalitarianism.

The Belgian constitution states that no privileges are attached to bearing a title of nobility.

History

Because most old families have resided in the current territory of Belgium for hundreds of years, their members have belonged to various nations. Spanish nobles resided in Flanders in the 15th and 16th centuries and married in to local houses. Amongst these houses we find {{lang|es|de Peňaranda, Coloma, De Evora y vega, Perez, de Castro y Lopez, de San Estevan, de Horosco, Franco y Feo, Santa Cruz, Gallo de Salamanca, Gerardi, Sant Vittores de la Poitilla}}.

In the period under Dutch sovereignty, the nobility formed an important factor in the independence. After the independence of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands lost an important part of nobles: all{{fact|date=August 2017}} the high families lived in the south and became part of the Belgian nobility. At court in the 19th century the nobility played a major role.

Male heirs

In some old families the heads of the house have the right of multiple titles. Today, most important families still pass these old titles only in the male line. In the {{lang|fr|Ancien Régime}} and Spanish and Austrian period, titles and rights could be inherited by marriage or just by will.

This was legally accepted by the Spanish crown and titles could be accumulated with other legal titles. This system ended after the French Revolution. After the creation of Belgium, families could receive the recognition of their status, which happened for the majority of the current families. Mostly, the noble status was recognized but sometimes too the old title, that could only be passed by the male line of the same noble house. Since this change, old titles have disappeared, and only few old titles survive. Known examples are the counts of Bornhem and the Marquess of Assche titles inherited by the families of Marnix de Sainte-Aldegonde and Vander Noot.

North of France

Until 1662 the North part of France belonged to Flanders, under Spanish rule. Titles created before this date are considered to be part of the Flemish nobility.{{fact|date=August 2017}} The Picardian and Artesian nobility lost their land to the French Crown, and was incorporated into the French Kingdom. The Marquess of Morbecque had lost his land after the Battle of Cassel. After this periode much former Flemish houses, were bestowed other French titles.

Current role of the nobility

During the Austrian period, the high nobility participated in the government, both political and at the imperial court of Brussels. Since the French Revolution the nobility has not played a social function. However some members of most old families worked in major functions in Belgium.

Characteristics

The modern Belgian nobility is known to be mostly traditionalist, and royalist. In the Kingdom of Belgium there were {{As of|2013|lc=on}} approximately 1,300 noble families, with some 20,000 members. The noble lineage of only approximately 400 families dates back to the 17th century or earlier. As Belgium is a democratic constitutional monarchy there are no legal privileges attached to bearing a noble title or to being a member of the aristocracy. According to article 113 of the constitution, "The King may confer titles of nobility, without ever having the power to attach privileges to them".^[1]

Wealth

Many nobles in Belgium still belong to the elite of society. They sometimes own and manage companies, or have leading positions in cultural society, business, banking, diplomacy, NGOs etc. Many of the older families still own (and reside in) important castles or country houses (see: Castles in Belgium).

The fortune of the nobility is impressive: only 11 % of the 500 wealthiest families in Belgium are members of the nobility, however: they have more than 56% of this wealth, 79,85 billion Euros.^[2]

This is partly caused by the fact that many of the new noble titles are bestowed on wealthy entrepreneurs, like the families of Boël, Frere, Colruyt, Janssens and Solvay. Old houses however are in minority and have sold lots of their lands and estates. The house of Merode has sold during the ages thousands of hectares of their own private lands.^[3] Other houses have still immense lands and grounds, but most houses have lost much of their historic wealth.

Surname of the House, and division of the families

Like most European nobility, the family name says much of the origin of the house.Normally the name of the family or House cannot change, however it used to be possible. A famous example was Conrad III Schetz: he had himself adopted by his aunt and changed his surname, for him and all his descendants from Schetz to van Ursel.

Every noble family has its own crest and titles: both are legally protected from copyright. People who do not belong to the house, are forbidden to use the titles or the crest.

Legal identity

In Belgium the title forms part of the identity of the noble person and is mentioned on the ID-card. The title is not a part of the name though.^[4]

Assumption of noble titles by those not entitled to any is prohibited and is punishable with a fine of 200 to 1000 euros under article 230 of the Belgian penal code.

Ennoblement

Belgium is one of the few monarchies in the world in which hereditary ennoblement still occurs regularly. Hereditary titles are conferred by letters patent, which are in general annually issued by the King of the Belgians. Noble titles can also be granted for life.

Belgian citizens distinguished in business, politics, science, arts, sports, etc. or for extraordinary service to the kingdom may receive noble status or noble titles.

By royal decree the monarch can extend, change or upgrade the rank of members of a noble house or change the rank of the whole family.

Structure of the Belgian nobility

Characteristically the Belgian nobility is structured and ranked very formally. These ranks are still important in social life and ceremonial life at court.

The royal house does not belong to the Belgian nobility, it is not of Belgian origin and is considered to be above the social class that is the nobility.

Princes in the Belgian nobility

The title of Prince ({{lang-fr|Prince}}, {{lang-nl|Prins}}) is the highest noble title in use in Belgium. They are ranked under the princes of royal blood and members of the royal family. New princes are not created, though they can be recognised or incorporated by the king if their members do prove to have bounds in Belgium and live there. This procedure is very rare and has occurred only with princes that {{lang|la|de facto}} are Belgian.

Families

Most members of the families listed below have the right to be referred to in Belgian government documents as "Prince" or "Princess" in combination with their family name. Some titles are not recognised by the Crown, and cannot be used legally, this is the case for the Dukes of Ursel who are the legal heirs to the Prince of Arches and Charleville.

Dukes in the Belgian nobility

Members of the following houses bear the title of Duke ({{lang-fr|Duc}}, {{lang-nl|Hertog}}). The ducal title has never been granted outside the Royal Family in the Kingdom of Belgium. The origin of such titles for Belgian families thus pre-dates the current monarchy, having been conferred or recognised by sovereigns of other jurisdictions.

Examples

Marquises in the Belgian nobility

Only eleven families bear today the title of Marquess. The titles always had origins before the French Revolution, and used to be connected to a physical marquisate. In most of these families, the title descends by masculine primogeniture.

Current Marquesses

Counts in the Belgian nobility

The titles Count of Hainault and Count of Flanders, historically associated with major provinces of what is now Belgium, are used as dynastic titles for members of the Belgian Royal Family.

Count is the highest-ranked title still granted by the Belgian monarch. There are approximately 90 families in Belgium where at least one of the members bears the title of count or countess. An incomplete list of families bearing the title of Count can be found on the list of noble families in Belgium.

Viscounts in the Belgian nobility

There are approximately 45 families in Belgium where at least one of the members bears the title of Viscount ({{lang-fr|vicomte}}, {{lang-nl|Burggraaf}}). An incomplete list of families bearing the title of Viscount can be found on the list of noble families in Belgium.

Barons in the Belgian nobility

More than 300 individuals bear the title of Baron or Baroness. The title may descend either by masculine primogeniture or to all legitimate descendants in the male-line of the original title-holder.

Knights in the Belgian nobility

In Belgium there are roughly 200 knights ({{lang-fr|chevalier}}, {{lang-nl|Ridder}}). The title has no female equivalent.

Écuyer, Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw

Foreign noble families residing in Belgium

Another legal concern is that people who have Belgian nationality are forbidden by law to have noble title from another country.^[10]

However, to have foreign titles recognised is not impossible. It is only possible after formal recognition by the King of the Belgians.

In addition to the families mentioned above, a number of noble families originated from outside Belgium, but have since obtained Belgian nationality after residing (sometimes for many generations) in Belgium. Most of these families have come from neighbouring European monarchies (France, the Netherlands, Germany) at various stages of history. These have usually (but not always) asked for equivalent nobility titles within the Kingdom of Belgium, which were typically granted.

References