“Bell 412”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Bell 412 is a twin-engine utility helicopter of the Huey family manufactured by Bell Helicopter. It is a development of the Bell 212, with the major difference being the composite four-blade main rotor.

Design and development

Development began in the late 1970s with two Bell 212s being converted into 412 prototypes. An advanced four-blade main rotor with a smaller diameter replaced the 212's two-blade rotor. A Bell 412 prototype first flew in August 1979. The initial model was certified in January 1981 with deliveries commencing in the same month.^[1]

The 412 model was followed by the 412SP (Special Performance) version featuring larger fuel capacity, higher takeoff weight and optional seating arrangements. In 1991, the 412HP (High Performance) variant with improved transmission replaced the SP version in production.^[1] The current production version, 412EP (Enhanced Performance), is equipped with a dual digital automatic flight control system. In 2013 Bell introduced the 412EPI which includes an electronic engine control (FADEC) for a PT6T-9 engine upgrade, and a glass cockpit display system similar to the Bell model 429. Also featured is a Garmin touchscreen navigation system, and the BLR Strake and Fast Fin upgrades for improved hover performance.^[2]

Variants

Operators

The Bell 412 is used by private and commercial operators. It is particularly popular in the oil industries, military, and for law enforcement use.

Military operators

Governmental operators

Incidents and accidents

On April 4, 1991, a Bell 412 collided with a small plane carrying United States Senator H. John Heinz III, which killed the senator.

On 09 July 2002, a Bell 412 from the El Salvador Air Force crashed after a lightning strike killing all 4 crew members and 3 passengers on board.

On December 10, 2006, a Bell 412 medical helicopter Mercy Air 2 crashed in mountainous terrain near Hesperia, California. All three crew members on board died.

Specifications (412EP)

|ref=International Directory of Civil Aircraft,^[45] Bell 412EP Product Specifications^[46]
|crew=one-two pilots
|capacity= up to 13 passengers, maximum external load of almost 6,614 lb (3,000 kg)^[3]
|length main= 56 ft 1 in
|length alt= 17.1 m
|span main= 46 ft
|span alt= 14.0 m
|height main= 15 ft
|height alt= 4.6 m
|area main= 1,662 ft²
|area alt= 154.4 m²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 6,789 lb
|empty weight alt= 3,079 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 11,900 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 5,397 kg
|more general=Fuselage length: 43 ft (13.1 m)
|engine (prop)=Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3D or PT6T-3DF Twin-Pac
|type of prop=turboshafts
|number of props=1
|power main= 1,250 shp
|power alt= 932 kW
|power original=, 900 shp (671 kW) for each power section
|max speed main= 140 knots
|max speed alt= 161 mph, 259 km/h
|cruise speed main= 122 knots
|cruise speed alt= 140 mph, 226 km/h
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main= 609 mi
|range alt= up to 980km
|ceiling main= 20,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 6,096 m
|climb rate main= 1,350 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 6.86 m/s
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main= 0.2663 hp/lb
|power/mass alt= 437 W/kg
|more performance=
|armament=
|avionics=
}}

See also

References

Citations

1. ^¹Bell 412. Airliners.net
2. ^{{cite press release |author= |title=Bell Helicopter Introduces the Bell 412EPI: Boosts Performance and Reliability |url=http://investor.textron.com/news/news-releases/press-release-details/2013/Bell-Helicopter-Introduces-the-Bell-412EPI-Boosts-Performance-and-Reliability/default.aspx |location=Las Vegas, NV |publisher=Textron |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=11 March 2016}}
3. ^¹Bell/Agusta Bell 412 – Medium Transport Helicopter, USA/Italy, Aerospace-Technology.com{{Unreliable source?|reason=WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}
4. ^¹²³Model 212 Twin Huey: USN-USMC UH-1N / Model 412 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228153240/http://www.vectorsite.net/avhuey.html#m5 |date=February 28, 2008 }}. Vectorsite.net, 1 December 2007.
5. ^"Foreign firms bid for $2 billion chopper deal". The Japan Times/Reuters, Accessed 10 October 2014.
6. ^{{cite news |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=June 20, 2018 |title=Bell targets Asia-Pacific attack helicopter opportunities |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bell-targets-asia-pacific-attack-helicopter-opportu-449590/ |work=FlightGlobal |location= |access-date=July 17, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://investor.textron.com/news/news-releases/press-release-details/2018/SUBARU-AND-BELL-ANNOUNCE-COLLABORATION-ON-COMMERCIAL-412-HELICOPTER-UPGRADE/default.aspx |title=Subaru and Bell announce collaboration on commercial 412 helicopter upgrade |author= |date=July 16, 2018 |website=textron.com |publisher= |access-date=July 17, 2018 |quote=}}
8. ^{{cite magazine |title=UH-X approaches maiden sortie |magazine=Flight International |date=4–10 December 2018 |volume=194 |issue=5665 |page=13 |issn=0015-3710}}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶³⁷{{cite web |last= |first= |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/ |title= World Air Forces 2018 |work= |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2018 |doi= |accessdate= 16 June 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://defence-blog.com/aviation/azerbaijan-showcase-recently-received-bell-412-helicopters-military-parade.html/amp |title=Azerbaijan to showcase recently received Bell-412 helicopters during military parade |author= |date=21 June 2018 |website=defence-blog.com}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Fighting-Ships/Introduction-Coast-guard-Korea-South.html |title= Introduction (Coast guard, Korea, South), Coast guard |publisher= janes.com |date= |accessdate=17 February 2013}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airliners.net/photo/South-Korea--/Bell-412EP/1866773/L/&sid=53e260cba6c6cb9b9dddfb2358f533d3 |title= South Korean Coast Guard Bell 412EP |publisher= |date= |accessdate=17 February 2013}}
13. ^{{cite web |url= http://turkishnavy.net/tag/turkish-coast-guard/ |title= Turkey And Georgia Conducted A Naval Exercise |publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 December 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web |last1=Porfilio |first1=Gabriel |title=Uruguay navy authorised to buy two Bell 412s from Italy |url=http://www.janes.com/article/76969|website=IHS Jane's 360 |accessdate=15 January 2018 |archiveurl=http://www.janes.com/article/76969 |archivedate=15 January 2018 |date=10 January 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web |last= |first= |url= http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25-b72e-4bea-9a83-a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf |title= World Air Forces 2015 |work= |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2015 |doi= |accessdate= 4 January 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.casa.gov.au/scripts/nc.dll?WCMS:STANDARD::pc=PC_93247 |title=Australian Aircraft Register searching for Australian Helicopters Pty Ltd |publisher=Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.dfes.wa.gov.au/aboutus/operationalinformation/helicoptersandaircraft/Pages/racrescuehelicopter.aspx |title=RAC Rescue Helicopters}}
18. ^[https://www.dfes.wa.gov.au/aboutus/operationalinformation/helicoptersandaircraft/RACPublications/DFES-RACRescueHelicopter-Factsheet.pdf RAC Rescue Helicopter fact sheet]
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/aviation/aircraft/ |title=Queenslanders Gov.t Fleet |publisher= qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=10 April 2013}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.australiandefence.com.au/news/bell-412epi-helicopter-for-nsw-police-force |title=Bell 412EPI helicopter for NSW Police Force |publisher=}}
21. ^http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/goat-rams-grounds-motor-accident-commission-rescue-chopper/news-story/8ce9e5990741caba053afa0f60495099
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.helis.com/database/sqd/2030 |title=MAC Rescue Helicopter Australia Air Ambulances |publisher=}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/brasil/2013/09/13/interna_brasil,387933/pf-tem-mais-dois-helicopteros-que-nao-levantam-voo-ha-quase-dois-anos.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920042840/http://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/brasil/2013/09/13/interna_brasil,387933/pf-tem-mais-dois-helicopteros-que-nao-levantam-voo-ha-quase-dois-anos.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title=PF tem mais dois helicópteros que não levantam voo há quase dois anos |publisher=CorreioBraziliense.com.br |date= |accessdate=11 November 2013}}
24. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.janes.com/article/70975/new-helos-for-the-coast-guard-cansec17d1 |title= New helos for the Coast Guard |publisher= janes.com |date= |accessdate=16 June 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/facilities/iar/bell-412.html |title=ARCHIVED - Bell 412 (ASRA) |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224014446/http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/facilities/iar/bell-412.html |archivedate=2013-12-24 |df=}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.suretequebec.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/publications/depliant-alea.pdf |title=Le service héliporté de la Sûreté du Québec |access-date=2014-01-28 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203163940/http://www.suretequebec.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/publications/depliant-alea.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-03 |df=}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.policia.gov.co/componentes/bell-412 |title=BELL 412 -Aviación Policial de la Policía Nacional |publisher=National Police of Colombia |accessdate=14 April 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/1607/ |title= Czech-Republic Police |publisher= ©Copyright 2012 Helis.com |date= |accessdate=29 December 2012}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raja.fi/the_border_guard/the_border_guard_s_vessels_and_aircraft |title=The Border Guard's vessels and aircraft |publisher=}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/573/ |title=Agusta AB-412 in Carabinieri |publisher= |date= |accessdate=1 January 2013}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.helis.com/database/modelorg/676/ |title= AB-412 Guardia di Finanza|publisher= |date= |accessdate=1 January 2013}}
32. ^{{cite magazine|last= Roelofs |first= Erik |title= Italy's Flying Foresters |magazine= Air International |date= April 2012 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=78–81 |issn=0306-5634}}
33. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/02kanku/sendai-airstation/0403_b412.html |title= 第二管区海上保安本部　仙台航空基地}}
34. ^ Thompson, Paul Police Air Units J-HangarSpace Retrieved February 22, 2017
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.policija.si/index.php/o-policiji/6309-helikopterji-in-oprema?lang= |title=Helikopterji in oprema |publisher= policija.si |accessdate=23 November 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.verticalmag.com/features/features_article/great-lake-saviors.html |title= Great Lake Saviors |publisher= Vertical Magazine |date= 16 November 2011}}
37. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.alea.org/public/newsletters/10_11/index.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101119122232/http://alea.org/public/newsletters/10_11/index.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 19 November 2010 |title= Delaware Marks 40 Years of Service |publisher= © Copyright 2010 by the Airborne Law Enforcement Association |date= |accessdate= 30 December 2012}}
38. ^{{cite web |url= http://lafd.org/airops.htm |title= LAFD Air Ops |publisher= |date= |accessdate=30 December 2012}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/AirWildland/AirWildlandAirOps.asp |title=L.A. County Fire |work= Los Angeles county fire department |access-date=30 December 2012 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712015849/http://fire.lacounty.gov/AirWildland/AirWildlandAirOps.asp |archive-date=12 July 2007}}
40. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.miamidade.gov/fire/about-special-air-rescue.asp |title= Miami-Dade-Fire-Rescue |work= Miami-Dade County.gov |date= |accessdate=30 December 2012}}
41. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.helis.com/database/news/b412_nypd_2012/ |title= NYPD Bell 412 |publisher= Helis.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2012}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://fdnntv.com/news.asp_Q_articleID_E_8631_A_title_E_Orange_County_Fire_Authority%27s_New_|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130122231315/http://fdnntv.com/news.asp_Q_articleID_E_8631_A_title_E_Orange_County_Fire_Authority's_New_|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 January 2013 |title=Orange County Fire Authority's New Bell 412 Fire and Rescue Helicopters|publisher=©Copyright 2012 FDNNTV.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2012}}
43. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/san-diego-fire-rescue-sign-for-bell-412-/ |title= San-Diego-Fire signs for Bell-412 |publisher= 2012 Copyright Shephard Press Limited |date= |accessdate=28 December 2012}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dnr.state.md.us/dnrnews/pressrelease2002/051602.html |title=Bald Eagle Rescue is a team effort |publisher= |date= |accessdate=31 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725232222/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/dnrnews/pressrelease2002/051602.html |archivedate=25 July 2015 |df=}}
45. ^Frawley, Gerald. The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003/2004, p. 45. Aerospace Publications, 2003. {{ISBN|1-875671-58-7}}.
46. ^Bell Helicopter, January 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015233146/http://www.bellhelicopter.com/en_US/Commercial/Bell412/1291148331974.html |date=October 15, 2012}}