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Benjamin Ide Wheeler (July 15, 1854– May 2, 1927)^[1] was a professor of Greek and comparative philology at Cornell University, writer, and President of the University of California from 1899 to 1919.

Life and career

Early years

Benjamin Ide Wheeler was born in Randolph, Massachusetts,^[2] on July 15, 1854, the son of the Rev. Benjamin and Mary Eliza (Ide) Wheeler. His father was successively a church pastor in Plaistow, New Hampshire; Pawtucket, Rhode Island; Randolph, Massachusetts; Haverhill, Massachusetts; Saco, Maine; Franklin, New Hampshire. His mother, Mary Eliza Ide, was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, daughter of Ebenezer Ide of the Ide family which had its origin in South Attleborough, then Rehoboth. Their only son, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, had his education first in the public schools of Haverhill and Saco, Maine. It was at Saco that he first entered a high school in 1866. This high school was the institution which formerly had been called Thornton Academy, and subsequently resumed that name.^[2]

Higher education

On moving in 1868 to Franklin, New Hampshire, he entered the Franklin Academy, and after six months there, went to the New London Academy, subsequently Colby–Sawyer College. From this school he was duly graduated in the summer of 1871. In the following autumn he entered Brown University from which he was graduated in 1875. His studies at college followed the usual curriculum without any suggestion of specialization. On the commencement stage he had the honour of the classical oration. During his college course he received the Dunn premium, given for the best work of the year in the department of English, with special reference to writing and speaking, and also one of the Carpenter prizes given to the two students of the year who in the opinion of the faculty combined in the highest degree the elements of success in life.^[2]

Teaching career

After graduation, Wheeler taught for four years in the Providence High School. During the first two years, he instructed mostly in mathematics; during the last two year, his work was evenly divided between classics and mathematics. In 1879, he was appointed Tutor in Brown University to take the place, during a temporary absence of two years, of Professor Poland, Assistant Professor in Greek and Latin.^[2]

Marriage

On June 25, 1881, Wheeler married Amey Webb of Providence, Rhode Island. She was the daughter of Henry Aborn Webb, a banker of Providence. Her mother, Amey Gorham Webb, was the daughter of Jabez Gorham founder of Gorham Silver,^[2] that became Gorham Silver Manufacturing Company after his son John Gorham took over.^[3]

Studies abroad

For four years, 1881–85, Wheeler studied in German universities—for a year at Leipzig, then for two years at Heidelberg, a half year at Jena, and a half year at Berlin. In the spring of 1885, he received on examination at Heidelberg the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, summa cum laude, presenting a thesis under Hermann Osthoff entitled Der griechische Nominalaccent, afterwards published at Strassburg as a separate book.^[2] The thesis led to what is known as the law of dactylic retraction or "Wheelers Law".^[4] Joseph Wright, future Corpus Christi Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford, completed his PhD the same year as Wheeler and also writing his thesis under Osthoff.^[5]

Return to America

On returning to America he was for one year Instructor at Harvard, 1885–86, then for thirteen years Professor at Cornell University, holding at first the title Acting Professor of Classical Philology, 1886–87, then of Professor of Comparative Philology 1887-88, and from 1888 to 1899 that of Professor of Greek and Comparative Philology. In 1899, he became President of the University of California.

During the year 1895-96, he was Professor of Greek Literature at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, and during the year 1909-10, Roosevelt Professor at the University of Berlin. He was member of the American Oriental Society, the American Philological Association, and the Kaiserliches Archaeologisches Institut. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from nine different universities, Princeton, 1896; Harvard, 1900; Brown, 1900; Yale, 1901; Johns Hopkins, 1902; University of Wisconsin, 1904; Dartmouth, 1905; Columbia, 1906; and a degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Athens in Greece.^[2]

During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire he was a member of Mayor Eugene Schmitz's Committee of Fifty.

During World War I his "well-known German sympathies and admiration for the kaiser"^[6] brought suspicion upon him and he retired as President of the University of California after the armistice. Wheeler had previously nominated the kaiser for the Nobel Peace Prize.^[7]

Under Wheeler the University of California underwent one of its periods of greatest growth. {{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} He also expanded the powers of the president, gaining the power to appoint all faculty. {{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Legacy

Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal

Since 1929, the award has been given to members of the community of Berkeley for exhibited outstanding contributions. Since 1994, the Berkeley Community Fund has been granting "Berkeley's Most Useful Citizen" award. Until 1991, it was bi-annual but changed to annual in 1994. Several notable people have received the award:^[8]

Works

Wheeler authored Analogy in Language (1887); Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (1890); Organization of the Higher Education in the United States (1896), published in Munich; Dionysos and Immortality (1899); Life of Alexander the Great (1900); Instruction and Democracy in America (1910) (published in Strassburg, Germany).^[2]

Articles

A commencement address at the University of Michigan titled The old world in the new, an address delivered at the commencement exercises of the University of Michigan, June 30, 1898, was published in the August 1898 issue of The Atlantic^[12] and Art in Language was published in the December 1900 issue.^[13]^[14]

Publications

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=Benjamin Ide Wheeler |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia }}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷The Genealogical and Encyclopedic History of the Wheeler Family in America (1914) American College of Genealogy (Digitized by Google)
3. ^[https://www.loc.gov/item/ri0193/ Jabez Gorham House (with notes)]- Retrieved 2018-07-31
4. ^{{cite journal|title=Wheeler's Law|publisher=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics (Dieter Gunkel, 2013)|doi = 10.1163/2214-448X_eagll_SIM_00000551}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~garrett/Graduation-1997.pdf|title=Linguistics Department Commencement Address, May 1997|publisher=berkeley.edu (1997)|accessdate=14 August 2018}} (pp. 4)
6. ^Brechin, Gray A. Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin University of California Press (2001) p300
7. ^[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=8363 Nobel Peace Prize nomination archives]
8. ^Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal- Retrieved 2018-07-31
9. ^[https://www.mdscbsa.org/districts/herms/about-herms/history/william-b-herms-biography/ William B. Herms]- Retrieved 2018-08-13
10. ^Encyclopedia Densho: Galen M. Fisher, Critic of "internment" of Japanese Americans during WWII -Retrieved 2018-08-13
11. ^[https://www.authorsguild.net/services/members/2329 Mal Warwick]- Retrieved 2018-08-13
12. ^{{cite book|title= The old world in the new, an address delivered at the commencement exercises of the University of Michigan, June 30, 1898|publisher= Houghton, Mifflin & co. (Library of Congress) Aug.|year= 1898|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/tmp96022982}}- Retrieved 2018-07-31
13. ^{{cite book|title= Art in Language|publisher= The Atlantic, Dec.|year= 1900 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1900/12/art-in-language/305162/}}- Retrieved 2018-07-31
14. ^{{cite book|title= Democratic Eloquence: The Fight Over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-century America|author= Kenneth Cmiel |publisher= University of California Press |language= English| year= 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbkB6VfLvsIC&pg=PA322&dq=How+many+times+did+Benjamin+Ide+Wheeler+teach+abroad?q=How%20many%20times%20did%20Benjamin%20Ide%20Wheeler%20teach%20abroad%3F|isbn= 9780520074859 }}
15. ^{{cite book|title= Der griechische Nominalaccent |author= Benjamin Ide Wheeler |publisher= K.J. Trübner |language= German| year= 1885 |url=https://archive.org/details/dergriechischeno00wheeuoft}}
16. ^{{cite book|title= Analogy and the scope of its application in language|author= Benjamin Ide Wheeler|publisher= University of Cambridge, Mass. |year= 1887|url=https://archive.org/details/analogyandscope00wheegoog}}
17. ^{{Cite journal | last = Strong | first =Herbert Augustus | last2=Logeman | first2=Willem Sijbrand|last3 =Wheeler | first3 =Benjamin Ide | last4 = Paul | first4 = Hermann | year =1891 | title =Introduction to the Study of the History of Language | location = London | publisher =Longmans, Green, & Co. | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontost00strouoft | postscript = }}
18. ^{{cite book|title= Dionysos and immortality: the Greek faith in immortality as affected by the rise of individualism|author= Benjamin Ide Wheeler|publisher= Houghton, Mifflin and company|year= 1899|url=https://archive.org/details/dionysosandimmo00wheegoog}}
19. ^{{Cite journal | last =Wheeler | first =Benjamin Ide | year = 1900 | title = Alexander the Great: The Merging of East and West in Universal History | location = New York | publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons | url =https://archive.org/details/AlexanderTheGreat1900ByBenjaminIdeWheeler | postscript =}}
20. ^{{cite book|title= The Whence and Whither of the Modern Science of Language|author = Benjamin Ide Wheeler|publisher= University Press|year= 1905|url=https://archive.org/details/whencewhitherofm00whee}}