“Benzydamine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

It may be used alone or as an adjunct to other therapy giving the possibility of increased therapeutic effect with little risk of interaction.

In some markets, the drug is supplied as an over-the-counter cream (Lonol in Mexico from Boehringer Ingelheim) used for topical treatment of musculoskeletal system disorders: sprains, strains, bursitis, tendinitis, synovitis, myalgia, periarthritis.

Antimicrobial activity

Studies indicate that benzydamine has notable in vitro antibacterial activity and also shows synergism in combination with other antibiotics, especially tetracyclines, against antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.^[2]^[3]

Contraindications

There are no contraindications to the use of benzydamine except for known hypersensitivity.

Side effects

Benzydamine is well tolerated. Occasionally oral tissue numbness or stinging sensations may occur, as well as itching, a skin rash, skin swelling or redness, difficulty breathing and wheezing.

Pharmacology

It selectively binds to inflamed tissues (Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor) and is normally free of adverse systemic effects.

Unlike other NSAIDs, it does not inhibit cyclooxygenase or lipooxygenase, and is not ulcerogenic.^[4]

Recreational use

Benzydamine has been used recreationally. In overdosages it acts as a deliriant and CNS stimulant.^[4] Such use, particularly among teenagers, has been reported in Poland,^[4] Brazil^[5]^[6] and Romania.

Synthesis

Synthesis starts with the reaction of the N-benzyl derivative from methyl anthranilate with nitrous acid to give the N-nitroso derivative. Reduction by means of sodium thiosulfate leads to the transient hydrazine (3), which undergoes spontaneous internal hydrazide formation. Treatment of the enolate of this amide with 3-chloro-1-dimethylamkino propane gives benzydamine (5). Please note there is an error in this section: US3318905 states that the nitroso derivative is reduced with sodium hydrosulfite (sodium dithionite) and not with sodium hyposulfite (sodium thiosulfate), as shown in the above scheme and stated in text.

An interesting alternative synthesis of this substance starts by sequential reaction of N-benzylaniline with phosgene, and then with sodium azide to product the corresponding carbonyl azide. On heating, nitrogen is evolved and a separatable mixture of nitrene insertion product and the desired ketoindazole # results. The latter reaction appears to be a Curtius rearrangement type product to produce an N-isocyanate #, which then cyclizes. Alkylation of the enol with sodium methoxide and 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride gives benzydamine.

Alternatively, use of chloroacetamide in the alkylation step followed by acid hydrolysis produces bendazac instead.

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Turnbull | first1 = R. S. | title = Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions | journal = Journal (Canadian Dental Association) | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–134 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7600413}}
2. ^Fanaki NH, el-Nakeeb MA. Antimicrobial activity of benzydamine, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent. J Chemother. 1992 Dec;4(6):347-52. {{PMID|1287137}}
3. ^Fanaki NH, el-Nakeeb MA. Antibacterial activity of benzydamine and antibiotic-benzydamine combinations against multifold resistant clinical isolates. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996 Mar;46(3):320-3. {{PMID|8901158}}
4. ^¹²{{Cite journal | last1 = Anand | first1 = J. S.| last2 = Lukasik–Glębocka | first2 = M. | last3 = Korolkiewicz | first3 = R. P.| doi = 10.1080/15563650600981210 | title = Letter to the Editor: Recreational abuse with benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa) | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 198–199 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17364645 | pmc = }}
5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Opaleye | first1 = E. S. | last2 = Noto | first2 = A. R. | last3 = Sanchez | first3 = Z. M. | last4 = Moura | first4 = Y. G. | last5 = Galduróz | first5 = J. C. | last6 = Carlini | first6 = E. A. | title = Recreational use of benzydamine as a hallucinogen among street youth in Brazil | journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 208–213 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19784487| doi = 10.1590/S1516-44462009000300005}}
6. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Mota | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Costa | first2 = A. A. | last3 = Teixeira | first3 = C. D. S.| last4 = Bastos | first4 = A. A. | last5 = Dias | first5 = M. F. | title = Use abusive of benzydamine in Brazil: An overview in pharmacovigilance | journal = Ciencia & Saude Coletiva | language = portuguese| volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 717–724 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20464184| doi = 10.1590/S1413-81232010000300014 }}
7. ^¹{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/jm00319a009| pmid = 5958958| title = Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 1-Substituted 3-Dimethylaminoalkoxy-1H-indazoles| journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry| volume = 9| issue = 1| pages = 38–41| year = 1966| last1 = Palazzo | first1 = G.| last2 = Corsi | first2 = G.| last3 = Baiocchi | first3 = L.| last4 = Silvestrini | first4 = B.}}
8. ^{{Cite patent|FR|1382855}}; Palazzo, {{US patent|3318905}} (1964, 1967 both to Angelini Francesco).
9. ^L. Baiocchi, G. Corsi and G. Palazzo, Ann.Chim. (Roma), 55, 116 (1965).

Medical use