| 词条 | Berkut 360 | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Berkut 360 is a tandem-seating, two-seat homebuilt canard aircraft with pusher configuration and retractable landing gear, built primarily of carbon fiber and fiberglass. The plane is featured in the 2010 movie Kill Speed (Fast Glass).[2][3] DevelopmentThe prototype Berkut was designed and built by Dave H. Ronneberg as part of a business partnership between Ronneberg and Donald S. Murphy, called Experimental Aviation, that lasted from 1989 to 1992.[4] In 1992 the partnership dissolved and Ronneberg, incorporating as Experimental Aviation, Inc., brought the aircraft to market as a kit, while Murphy wanted to shelve the project entirely. A subsequent series of lawsuits between the two resulted in bankruptcy for Ronneberg and Murphy as individuals and for Experimental Aviation as a corporation. The kit was resurrected in 1996 by Renaissance Composites, with Ronneberg working as a consultant. In January 2001, under pressure from Ronneberg, Renaissance sold the assets to Vicki Cruse, an American aerobatic pilot,[5]{{Failed verification|date=August 2011|talk=Vicki Cruse}} who then formed Berkut Engineering and Design, Inc.[6] That company withdrew the aircraft from the market in 2002. Ronneberg continued with the project, which is now directed at UAV markets.[7] A deal was struck in 2003 to sell the project to Republic Aerospace, but the deal fell through. Cruse was no longer involved with day-to-day operations, but maintained ownership until her death on August 22, 2009, when the plane she was flying — a borrowed Zivko Edge 540 — crashed at Buckinghamshire, England, during a qualifying flight for the World Aerobatic Championships. Through the various incarnations, approximately 75 kits were sold and 20 airplanes completed. ConfigurationThe Berkut is derived from the Rutan Long-EZ, with the primary differences being retractable main landing gear, dual canopies, and molded fuselage, strakes, and wing spar. Like the Long EZ, the Berkut carries two people in a tandem seating arrangement. The front seat occupant has access to all instrumentation and controls. The rear seat, normally holding the passenger, is equipped with a side stick and throttle, but no rudder pedals, brakes, or instruments. Aerodynamic optimizations to the original Long-EZ airframe were made to increase performance and interior space. The fuselage was stretched and the nose, canard, instrument panel and pilot moved forward one foot (300 mm), to allow a heavier engine to be used in the rear. The main wing trailing edge was straightened, removing a small bend in the trailing edge of the Long EZ wing. The lower winglet was removed and the aileron size increased in both chord and span, significantly increasing roll rate. Early Berkuts used wings and canard that were structurally similar to the Long-EZ and used solid blue 2 lb/cu. ft. density Dow STYROFOAM PI cores cut to shape with a hot-wire foam cutter, but with carbon fiber reinforced polymer skins instead of fiberglass. The fuselage and winglets remained fiberglass. Later versions (kits produced after spring 1999) used fully molded carbon fiber canards and wings with high density, 5 lb/cu. ft. 1/4" thick PVC or SAN foam cores, leaving only minor fairings and tip surfaces to be carved from foam. The Berkut has always used the Roncz 1145MS canard airfoil, which is more tolerant of insect and rain contamination than the GU 25-5(11)8 airfoil originally used on the Long-EZ. The Berkut used a retractable main (rear) landing gear system designed by Shirl Dickey for his E-Racer homebuilt. Originally, Berkut used gear parts produced by Dickey, but over time they were repeatedly re-engineered and strengthened. Later kits had gear components produced entirely in-house. Like the earlier Vari-Eze and Long EZ, the Berkut kneels with its nose gear retracted to prevent the plane from tipping over backwards when parked without a pilot in the front seat. Some early Berkuts utilized hydraulic nose-gear extension systems, but most have used an electro-mechanical jack-screw. With the electric system, the pilot and passenger can climb into the cockpit, then extend the nose gear, raising the airplane with occupants inside. While the Long-EZ, originally designed for the Lycoming O-235 108-118 hp engine, was closer in the design of the Berkut, the latter was designed from the outset for the larger Lycoming IO-360 180 hp engine. The aircraft was later adapted, with a different engine mount, cowls and battery location, to accept the 260 hp Lycoming IO-540, which most builders chose. With the O-540, some have reportedly reached speeds of 300 mph in level flight. Selected accidentsThe Berkut has a poor safety record, with about a quarter of all completed airplanes having crashed at some time. However, there is no single cause that has resulted in more than one crash. Each crash has been the result of construction error or pilot error.
The original prototype, crashed by Rick Fessenden at an airshow at Santa Paula, California on 12 August 1995. Although the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation concluded that an accelerated stall during Fessenden's "wind-up turn" — a level, 360-degree, very high-G turn — caused the airplane to crash, examination of videotapes of the crash gave a strong indication that the pilot blacked out under 9+ Gs. Fessenden was killed.[8]
The first Berkut 540, built by Dan Gray, crashed at Santa Paula, California on 9 June 1996. Gray started and finished his first flight at nearby Camarillo airport, but on his second flight he chose to return to Santa Paula. On final approach his engine stopped and, in attempting to set down on a nearby freeway, he collided head-on with a Honda station wagon. The aircraft was extensively damaged but Gray was only bruised. The cause was found to be an incorrectly rebuilt fuel pump.[9]
Built by Michael Kashan, this airplane served as the company demonstrator for several years. While being flown by another pilot on 1 July 2000, the plane encountered a dust devil on final approach at Jackpot, Nevada. This flipped the airplane upside down and it tumbled down the runway. Both wings were broken, the right strake and spar were broken halfway between the fuselage and the end of the spar, the main gear was torn out, and the nose crushed back to the instrument panel. The pilot's legs were broken, but the passenger suffered only a minor cut to the scalp. The airplane was rebuilt and is flying again.[10]
This airplane, owned by John Daniels, has had several accidents, all involving the landing gear. The NTSB report concerns its first, a gear collapse at Jackson Hole, Wyoming on 18 June 1996.[11] Later, the airplane overran the runway at First Flight airport, tearing out its gear legs. There have been no injuries from any of the accidents.
Built by Steve Drybread. During a test flight on 23 May 2002 near Anderson, Indiana, Drybread omitted the main canard attachment bolts. The canard separated in flight, and Drybread was killed.[12]{{Dubious | Steve Drybread | reason=Only event involving N827CM shows it to have been a "Schutte Ms. Ryan Special", not a Berkut, although it is stated to have been a canard-type airplane. No mention of "Drybread" anywhere in the NTSB Aviation Accident Database as builder or pilot as of October 2017. The Database lists events from 1982-on. | date=October 2017}}
Built by Steve Drybread. While being flown by its owner, Charles Bracken, the CB540 aircraft struck high tension power wires near Lapeer, Michigan on 19 June 2004, and crashed into the ground. The airplane was destroyed, the nose crushed back to the pilot's seat. Bracken's legs were broken.[13]{{Dubious | Steve Drybread | reason=Event exists, but no mention of "Drybread" anywhere in the NTSB Aviation Accident Database as of October 2017. The Database lists events from 1982-on. | date=October 2017}} Variants
Original configuration, retractable gear, Lycoming 4-cylinder 360-cubic-inch, fuel-injected, 180 hp engine.
Fixed-gear version of the 360. (Offered but never built, except as a UAV by Geneva Aerospace [7])
Lycoming 6-cylinder, 540-cubic-inch, 260 hp engine upgrade. Changes consisted of larger cowls, a different engine mount, custom engine mount ears, stiffer engine isolators, a custom sump modification and different cooling baffles.
Fixed-gear version of the 540. (offered, but never built)
A modified Berkut with a single canopy and automated flight equipment where the second seat would be located, for UAV research and development with a 20-hour endurance.[14] Two aircraft have been built with a third one in development. N442LT is the first tail number. N497LT is the second.[15][16]
A Berkut using a modified GE T-58 turbine engine, built by Jerrold Jorritsma, registration number N3255U.[17] Crashed in Loveland, Colorado on May 9, 2010.[18][19]
Heavily modified Rutan Long-EZ homebuilt with Berkut components.[20] Specifications{{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000[21] |crew=2 |capacity= |length main=18 ft 6 in |length alt=5.64 m |span main=26 ft 8 in |span alt=8.13 m |height main=7 ft 6 in[22] |height alt=2.29 m |area main= |area alt= |airfoil= |empty weight main=1,035 lb |empty weight alt=469 kg |loaded weight main=2,000 lb |loaded weight alt=907 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (prop)=Lycoming IO-360 |type of prop=air-cooled flat-four |number of props=1 |power main=205 hp |power alt=153 kW |power original= |max speed main=248 mph |max speed alt=215 knots, 399 km/h |cruise speed main=220 mph |cruise speed alt=191 knots, 354 km/h |stall speed main=70 mph |stall speed alt=61 knots, 113 km/h |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main=1,228 mi |range alt=1,066 nmi, 1,976 km |ceiling main=32,000 ft[22] |ceiling alt=9,750 m |climb rate main=2,000 ft/min[22] |climb rate alt=10.2 m/s |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= }} See also
References1. ^According to airport-data.com 31 Berkut were registered. This includes all variants. 2. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1027683/ 3. ^http://www.impdb.org/index.php?title=Kill_Speed 4. ^Court transcript {{webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315192223/http://vls.law.vill.edu/Locator/3d/August2002/012862.pdf | date=March 15, 2007}} 5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040228044340/http://www.eaa96.org/Newsletters/February2004.pdf EAA Chapter 96 newsletter, the Peninsula Flyer] 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://beanddi.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017134355/http://beanddi.com/ |archivedate=2010-10-17 |df= }} 7. ^1 UAV flight demonstration video {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822031053/http://www.genevaaerospace.com/video/Berkut_Autoflight.wmv |date=2007-08-22}} 8. ^[https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001207X04287&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA NTSB report] 9. ^[https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001208X06052&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA NTSB report] 10. ^NTSB report 11. ^[https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001208X06121&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA NTSB report] 12. ^[https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20020524X00735&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=FA NTSB report] 13. ^NTSB report 14. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Aviation Week and Space Technology|date=16 April 2007|title=News Breaks}} 15. ^FAA registration information for Mobius 16. ^Air Combat Command story on Mobius {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502011036/http://www.acc.af.mil/media/archives/story.asp?storyID=123047659 |date=May 2, 2009 }} 17. ^X-jets web page 18. ^ 19. ^[https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20100510X12158&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA NTSB Accident Report No. CEN10LA242] 20. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Sport Aviation|date=June 2013|page=95}} 21. ^Taylor 1999, p. 583. 22. ^1 2 Lambert 1993, p. 474.
External links{{commons category|Berkut 360}}
5 : United States sport aircraft 1990–1999|Canard aircraft|Homebuilt aircraft|Single-engined pusher aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1989 |
|||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。