| 词条 | Boran |
| 释义 |
| name = Boran | title =Queen of Queens of Iran | image = BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg | caption = Coin of Boran, minted at Arrajan in 630/1 | succession = First reign | reign = 17 June 629 – 16 June 630 | coronation = | predecessor = Shahrbaraz | successor = Shapur-i Shahrvaraz | birth_date = 590 | birth_place = | death_date = {{death year and age|632|590}} | death_place = Ctesiphon | spouse= Kavad II | full name = | house = House of Sasan | father = Khosrow II | mother = Maria | religion = Zoroastrianism | type = monarch | succession1 = Second reign | reign1 = 631–632 | coronation1 = | predecessor1 = Azarmidokht | successor1 = Yazdegerd III | place of burial = }} Boran{{sfn|Daryaee|1999|pp=77-82}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1989|p=366}}[1] (Middle Persian: ; Persian: پوراندخت, Pūrāndokht) was queen (banbishn) of the Sasanian Empire. She was the daughter of emperor Khosrow II, and the first of only two women to rule the Sasanian Empire; the other was her sister and successor, Azarmidokht. Various authors place her reign between one year and four months to two years.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1989|p=366}} Her name appears as Bōrān (or Burān) on her coinage.{{sfn|Daryaee|1999|pp=77-82}}[2] The Persian poet Ferdowsi refers to her as Purandokht in his epic poem, the Shahnameh. She was committed to revive the memory and prestige of her father, during whose reign the Sasanian Empire had grown to its largest territorial extent. Background and early lifeBoran was the daughter of the last prominent shah of Iran, Khosrow II ({{reign|590|628}}) and the Byzantine princess Maria.{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 5: p. 404}} Khosrow II was in 628 overthrown and executed by his own son Kavad II, who proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including Shahriyar.{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=284}} This dealt a heavy blow to the empire, which it would never recover from. Boran and her sister Azarmidokht reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad II for his barbaric actions, which made him filled with remorse.{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 5: p. 399}} According to Guidi's chronicle, Boran was also Kavad II's wife, demonstrating the Zoroastrian practice of close-kin-marriages (xwedodah).{{sfn|Daryaee|1999|pp=77-82}}{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1985–2007|loc=v. 5: p. 404}}{{efn|According to the 7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos, Boran was the wife of Shahrbaraz. However, this is unlikely.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1989|p=366}}}} The fall of Khosrow II culminated in a civil war lasting four years, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian (Parsig) and Parthian (Pahlav) noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} A few months later, a devastating plague swept through the western Sasanian provinces, killing half of its population including Kavad II.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2005}} He was succeeded by his eight year old son Ardashir III, who was killed two years later by the distinguished Sasanian general Shahrbaraz, who was in turn murdered forty days later in a coup by leader of the Pahlav, Farrukh Hormizd, who helped Boran ascend the throne.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=185}} First reignBoran was the first queen to rule the Sasanian Empire. However, it was not unusual for royal women to occupy political offices in the management of the country. Many before Boran had risen to prominence. A 5th-century Sasanian queen, Denag, had temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital, Ctesiphon during the dynastic struggle for the throne between her sons Hormizd III ({{reign|457|459}}) and Peroz I ({{reign|459|484}}) in 457–459.{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=248}} Wiesehöfer also highlights the role of noblewomen in Sasanian Iran, stating that "Iranian records of the third century (inscriptions, reliefs, coins) show that the female members of the royal family received an unusual amount of attention and respect."{{sfn|Emrani|2009|p=4}} The story of the legendary Kayanian queen Humay and veneration towards the Iranian goddess Anahita probably also helped to the approval of Boran's rule.{{sfn|Emrani|2009|p=5}} When Boran ascended the throne, she appointed Farrukh Hormizd as the chief minister (wuzurg framadar) of the empire.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1989|p=366}} She then attempted to bring stability to the Sasanian Empire by the implementation of justice, reconstruction of the infrastructure, lowering of taxes, and minting coins.{{sfn|Daryaee|1999|pp=77-82}} Her rule was accepted by the magnates, which is apparent by her coin mints in the provinces of Pars, Khuzestan, Media, and Abarshahr.{{sfn|Daryaee|1999|pp=77-82}} No opposition was voiced towards her gender.{{sfn|Emrani|2009|p=6}} However, after some time she was deposed in 630, and Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, the son of Shahrbaraz and a sister of Khosrau II, was made king of Sasanian Empire. However, he was not recognized by the Parsig faction of the powerful general Piruz Khosrow. Shapur-i Shahrvaraz was thus deposed in favor of Azarmidokht, the sister of Boran.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=204}} Second reignHer sister, Azarmidokht, was then placed on the throne.[1] In order to seize power, Farrukh Hormizd asked Azar to marry him. Not daring to refuse, she had him killed with the aid of the Mihranid Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobin, the famous spahbed and briefly shahanshah. She was however, shortly assassinated by the latter's son Rostam Farrokhzad, who was now the new leader of the Pahlav faction. After the murder of Azarmidokht by Rostam Farrokhzad, the latter restored Boran to the throne. Boran shortly made a meeting with the Pahlav and Parsig faction, where both factions agreed to work together. She desired a good relationship with the Byzantine Empire, therefore she dispatched an embassy to Emperor Heraclius led by the dignitaries of the Iranian church.[3] Heraclius sent Boran a formal invitation to visit Constantinople.[1] However, after one year of reign she was found suffocated by a pillow in her bed. According to some sources she was murdered by Piruz Khosrow, thus ending the Parsig-Pahlav alliance and resuming hostilities between the two factions.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=218}} However, the two powerful leaders of the two factions were now threatened by their own men, and thus agreed to work together once more, installing Boran's nephew Yazdegerd III on the throne, thus putting an end to the civil war.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=219}} Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 2 Farrokh, K. (2007). Downfall of the Sasanians and the Islamic conquests. In Shadows in the Desert : Ancient Persia at War (p. 262, 263). 2. ^"For instance her gold coins bear the Middle Persian legend: , Burano faré afzuto (lit. Buran's glory/splendor be increased)". Bayani, B. (n.d.). (پادشاهی پوراندخت ملکه ساسانی و پژوهشی درباره ی سکه های زمان او) (p. 31). 3. ^Guidi, I. (1903). Chronicle of Seert. In Anonymous Syriac Chronicle (Vol. II, p. 237). Sources
|journal=Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies) |publisher= |volume=13 |issue= |pages=77–82 |doi= |ref=harv|jstor=24048959 }}
11 : Empresses regnant|Iranian empresses|7th-century Sasanian monarchs|7th-century women rulers|Women of the Sasanian Empire|632 deaths|Murdered Persian monarchs|Ancient Persian women|Deaths by strangulation|Women in Shahnameh|7th-century murdered monarchs |
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