| 词条 | Besa machine gun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|is_ranged=yes |is_UK=yes | image= Besa machine gun.JPG | image_size = 300 |caption=Besa machine gun |name=Besa machine gun |type=Tank-mounted medium machine gun |origin=Czechoslovakia, United Kingdom |era=Second World War |platform=vehicle |manufacturer=The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited |target= |designer=Václav Holek |design_date=1936 |prod_design_date=1939–1945 |serv_design_date=1939-1960s |used_by= United Kingdom, Ireland, Israel |wars=Second World War 1947–1949 Palestine war[1] Korean War[2] Second Arab–Israeli War[3] |spec_type= |caliber=7.9mm |part_length={{convert|29|in|mm|abbr=on}}, 4-groove rifling with Right Hand twist. |cartridge=7.92×57mm Mauser |feed= 7.92mm: 225 metal link belt. 15mm: 25-round link belt. |action=gas automatic |rate=450–550 round/min (Low) 750–850 rounds/min (High) |velocity= {{convert|2700|ft/s|m/s|0|abbr=on}} |weight={{convert|47|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} empty |length={{convert|43.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} |variants=Mark I (1939–1940) Mark II (1940–1943) Mark II*(1943) Mark III (1943–1951) Mark III* (1943–1952) Mark III/2 (1952–1966) Mark III/3 (1954–1966) 15mm Besa Mark I (1939?–1949) |number= 7.92mm: 39,332 in all variants. 15mm: 3,218 total production. }} The Besa machine gun was a British version of the Czechoslovak ZB-53 air-cooled, belt-fed machine gun (called the TK vz. 37 in the Czechoslovak army [4]). The name came from the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), who signed an agreement with Československá zbrojovka to manufacture the gun in the UK. The War Office ordered the weapon in 1938 and production began in 1939, after modifications. It was used extensively by the armed forces of United Kingdom during the Second World War as a mounted machine gun for tanks and other armoured vehicles as a replacement for the heavier, water-cooled Vickers machine gun. Although it required a rather large opening in the tank's armour, it was reliable. Development and useAlthough British forces used the .303 in rimmed round for rifles and machine guns, the ZB-53 had been designed for the German 7.92×57mm Mauser round – referred to by the British as the 7.92 mm. The British had intended to move from rimmed to rimless ammunition but with war imminent, wholesale change was not possible. It was considered by BSA and the Ministry of Supply that the industrial, technical and supply difficulty of converting the design to the .303 round would be more onerous than retaining the original calibre, especially given that the chain of supply for the Royal Armoured Corps was already separate from the other fighting arms of the British Army and the round was not changed for British production. Since the Besa used the same ammunition as Germany used in its rifles and machine guns, the British could use stocks of captured enemy ammunition, albeit without the ability to use their ammunition belts as packaged. While American-produced armoured cars or tanks would have been fitted with .30 cal Browning machine guns, many British tanks and armoured cars were equipped with the Besa machine gun fed from non-disintegrating disposable 225-round steel metal-link belts. The Mark II version entered service in June 1940, modified with a selector to give a high rate of fire (750–850 rounds per minute) for close combat or focused targets or a low rate of fire (450–550 rounds per minute) for long-range combat or area targets. The design was modified to be more rapidly and economically produced and three simplified models, the Mark II*, Mark III and Mark III*, entered service in August 1943. The Mark II* was a transitional model designed to use the new simplified parts but was compatible with the Mark II. The Mark III and Mark III* versions did away with the rate selector and had simplified parts like the Mark II* but were incompatible with the Mark II. The Mark III had a fixed high rate of fire (750–850 rpm) and the Mark III* had a fixed low rate of fire (450–550 rpm)[5] The earlier wartime Mark I, Mark II and Mark II* versions of the Besa 7.92 mm were declared obsolete in 1951 and all Mark III versions were converted to Mark III*. The Mark III/2 introduced in 1952 was a conversion of the Mark III* with a new bracket and body cover. The later Mark III/3 introduced in 1954 was a conversion of the Mark III/2 that replaced the barrel and sleeve and made the gas vents larger on the gas cylinder to make it easier to use belts of mixed ammunition. The post-war Mark III/2 and Mark III/3 remained in service until the late 1960s.
15 mm Besa machine gunA larger, heavier – at 57 kg (125 lb) – 15 mm version (also belt-fed) was developed by BSA from the Czechoslovak ZB vz.60 heavy machine gun as vehicle armament. It could be fired in semi-automatic mode as well as fully automatic. It was introduced in British service in June 1940 and was used on the Light Tank Mk VIC and on armoured cars such as the Humber Armoured Car Marks I–III. Over 3,200 15 mm Besa were manufactured until it was declared obsolete in 1949.[6]It fired a 75 gramme bullet from a 15×104 mm cartridge with a muzzle velocity of {{convert|818.3|m/s|abbr=on}} at a rate of 450 rounds per minute.[7] The 15 mm Besa was fed from 25-round metal belts, which limited its practical rate of fire, although the weapon was usually used for single shots as it was difficult to fire accurately in automatic.[8] See also
References
1. ^{{cite book|title=The Israeli Army in the Middle East Wars 1948–73|series=Men-at-Arms 127|first=John|last= Laffin |date=29 Jul 1982|isbn=9780850454505|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=8}} 2. ^{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA535|title=The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History|edition= 2nd |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first2=Paul G., Jr.|editor-last2= Pierpaoli|page=535|volume=1. A-L|chapter=Machine guns|isbn=978-1-85109-849-1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1645C|year=2010}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Israeli Elite Units since 1948|series=Elite 18|first=Sam|last= Katz|date=23 Jun 1988|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9780850458374|page=13}} 4. ^"TK" from těžký kulomet "heavy machine gun"; "vz" from vzor "Model" 5. ^http://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.asp?smallarms_id=221 accessed 27 December 2007 6. ^{{cite book|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons|year=1975|page=453}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=British Tanks Equipment |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/equiparmourtanks.htm |accessdate=25 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916152741/http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/equiparmourtanks.htm |archivedate=16 September 2011 }} 8. ^David Fletcher (1989). Universal Tank: British Armour in the Second World War – Part 2. HMSO. {{ISBN|0-11-290534-X}}. p.20
External links{{Commons category|Besa}}
6 : 7.92×57mm Mauser machine guns|Machine guns of the United Kingdom|Medium machine guns|Tank guns|World War II machine guns|World War II weapons of the United Kingdom |
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