“Bhimber”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

During the seventh century AD, the celebrated Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, translator and pilgrim to India Hsuan Tsang mentioned Bhimber in his works. The works of Hsuan Tsang were translated into English in 1884 by Samuel Beal, a scholar from England.

Bhimber has remained the capital city of Chibhal, it is named after Raja Chib Chand, the eldest son of Raja Partab chand Katoch who came to Bhimber and established the state after marrying the local ruler`s daughter in 1400 A.D. Chibs are direct descendents of Raja Chib Chand Katoch.^[2]^[3]^[4]

In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Shadaab Khan who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. His Hindu name was Raja Dharm Chand Chib. The last ruler of Chibhal was Raja Sultan Khan (1800–1840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as "Baab-e-Kashmir" (Door to Kashmir) because of its importance and geographical location, which was ideal for Mughal Emperors to enter Kashmir. Therefore, the Mughals used Bhimber as a staging point for their journey to Srinagar. Mughal Emperor Jahangir discussed Bhimber in his book Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.^[5]

Modern history

In the 19th century, Chibhal came under the Sikh Empire of the Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Around 1822, it, along with Poonch, was granted as a jagir to Raja Dhian Singh of the Dogra dynasty, the brother of Gulab Singh. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh court fell into disunity and Dhian Singh was murdered in the court intrigues. Subsequently, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was formed under the suzerainty of the British Empire, and these territories were transferred to Jammu and Kashmir. The jagir given to Dhian Singh was respected, however, and Dhian Singh's sons Moti Singh and Jawahir Singh were retained as its Rajas.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=121–123}}{{sfn|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010}}{{sfn|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971|pp=52-53}}

In 1852, the brothers Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh quarrelled and the Punjab Board of Revenue awarded a settlement. Moti Singh was awarded the Poonch district, and Jawahir Singh was awarded Bhimber, Mirpur and Kotli.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=232}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=123}} In 1859, Jawahir Singh was accused of 'treacherous conspiracy' by Maharaja Ranbir Singh (r. 1857–1885), who succeeded Gulab Singh. The British agreed with the assessment and forced Jawahir Singh into exile in Ambala. Ranbir Singh paid Jawahir Singh an annual stipend of Rs. 100,000 until his death, and appropriated his territory afterwards because Jawahir Singh had no heirs.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=233}}

The appropriated territory was organised as the Bhimber district (wazarat) in 1860. In the decade preceding 1911, the district headquarters was shifted to Mirpur and it came to be called the Mirpur district.^[6]^[7] Bhimber remained a tehsil headquarters until 1947. It had a Hindu majority population, mostly consisting of Mahajans.{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=238}}

Pakistani invasion

At the time of the partition of India, the Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir indicated his preference to stay independent of both the new Dominions of India and Pakistan. However, apprehensive that he would join India, the Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan authorised an invasion of the state on 12 September 1947. The southern wing of the operations came under the command of General Zaman Kiani, formerly of the Indian National Army.{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=105}}{{sfn|Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|p=117}} Raja Habib ur Rahman Khan, said to be of a Chib family who had also served in the Indian National Army, led the attack on Bhimber. Bhimber was well-fortified and defended by a company of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces and volunteers from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Rahman could not dislodge the defences, and approached Col. Tommy Masud of Pakistan's PAVO Cavalry for help. Masud, who had already been recruited into the invasion plan by Col. Sher Khan, dispatched a force along with armoured cars. A renewed attack was launched on the night of 22 October and Bhimber fell within a day. The State Forces withdrew to Akhnoor along with a "few hundred Hindus". On the morning of 24 October, the ex-INA men moved in and looted the town. The fate of the remaining Hindus has not been reported.{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=247–248}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007|pp=156–157}}: "At the break of the day the civilian horde moved in, and went from house to house on a looting spree; Colonel Nawaz suspects it was organised by some INA personnel. The PAVO armoured cars surrounded the fort. There was desultory fire from some machine gun posts, but these were soon suppressed. With the fall of the fort, the PAVO Cavalry withdrew."}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Joshi, Kashmir, 1947-1965: A Story Retold|2008|pp=59–}}: "The unit was also directly involved in capturing Bhimber. The account [of the PAVO Cavalry] makes it clear that the alleged role of locals, armed with lathis, was only a fig-leaf. The actual attack was carried out by the Pakistani regulars, led by its commanding officer Tommy Masud on October 22 night and after eliminating the lone J&K State forces company, they quietly withdrew and left the area in the hands of the ex-INA personnel."}}

Culture

The majority of people speak the Punjabi language, and people who migrated from Samahni Valley usually speak Pahari.

Geography and climate

Bhimber is a valley. Its hot, dry climate and other geographical conditions closely resemble those of Gujrat, the adjoining district of Pakistan.

Education

The Bhimber District stands at number 11 in ranking related to education with a score of 72.73, according to Alif Ailaans’ Pakistan District Education Ranking 2017.

Regarding infrastructure, Bhimber ranks at 137, with school infrastructure of 24.64 and a retention score of 42.04. Like most districts in Kashmir, schools in Bhimber do not have proper building walls, furniture and other facilities which aid students in studying. There is also a low number of beyond-primary schools, which contributes to its low retention score.

Fewer girls are enrolled in this district due to a lack of government schools for girls and long travel times to attend daily schools as reported by [https://elections.alifailaan.pk/taleemdo-app/ TaleemDo]! App.

Tourism

Bhimber and its surrounding area is very rich in archaeological remains. There is a forest rest house in Bhimber. Famous historical and scenic sites in the town and surrounding area include:

Transportation

Road

Bhimber is connected with the rest of the country through a well-built road network. Public transport is commonly done using Hiace vans. Daily routes include Mirpur, Gujrat, Dina, Jhelum, Gujranwala and Kharian. The coaches and coasters travel to larger cities of Pakistan including Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala.

Rail

There are no railway stations in Bhimber. The nearest railway stations are those of Gujrat, the Lala Musa Junction and Kharian city and cantonment.

Air

The nearest commercial airport is the Islamabad International Airport, which is approximately 166 km by road from Bhimber. Recently, Sialkot International Airport has become operational which is about 102 km from town. There is a small military air strip in the town.

Notable people

History