| 词条 | Big Round Top |
| 释义 |
| water = | name = Big Round Top | other_name = Round Top[1]{{Rp|a}} — Great Round Top[1]{{Rp|a}} Round Top Mountain[1] — Sugar Loaf Hill[https://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=%22sugar+loaf%22+gettysburg&scoring=a&hl=en&ned=us&sa=N&sugg=d&as_ldate=1860&as_hdate=1879&lnav=hist5] | photo = Big Round Top (photo by Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1863).jpg | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = 1863 O'Sullivan image of Big Round Top{{Specify|WHAT IS THE DARK COLUMN ABOVE THE TREES ON THE SUMMIT?|date=February 2010}} beyond Little Round Top breastworks | map = Pennsylvania | relief = | map_image = | map_caption = | location = NE slope @ Little Round Top | coordinates = {{coord|39|47|21.44|N|77|14|12.53|W|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = | length = | width = | area = | depth = | drop = | formed_by = | geology = Pennsylvania Piedmont physiographic region | age = | orogeny = | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | eruption = | last_eruption = | topo = | operator = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | website = Gettysburg Scenic Vistas (nps.gov){{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | embed = }}Big Round Top is a boulder-strewn hill notable as the topographic high point[2]{{Rp|3}} of the Gettysburg Battlefield and for 1863 American Civil War engagements for which Medals of Honor were awarded. In addition to battle monuments, a historic postbellum structure on the uninhabited hill is the Big Round Top Observation Tower Foundation Ruin.[3] GeographyBig Round Top is the southern peak of the Gettysburg Battlefield and is within the area encompassed by a drainage depression (southeast, south), Plum Run (west, north), and the Crawford Rd/Wright Av roadway (north, northeast). In addition to Little Round Top, adjacent battlefield locations are South Cavalry Field/[https://books.google.com/books?id=OSUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17 Slyder Field] (west), Devil's Den (northwest) and the Valley of Death/Slaughter Pen (north).[4] The hill is the highest point of an Adams County dendritic ridge which Plum Run divides at Big Round Top (the drainage divide continues to the east). In addition to Little Round Top (650), nearby heights are Warfield Ridge (west), hills of [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12 ~580 ft (southwest)] and ~540 ft (northwest),{{Specify|WHAT ARE THE NAMES? THE StoneSentinel CITATION CLAIMS THE CHARGE WAS INITIATED FROM Bushman Hill, BUT Hal Jesperson DEPICTS THE 1 VT TO THE NE OF A HILL. |date=February 2010}} and Houck Ridge (north-northwest); while Carr Hill (876 ft) is the nearest higher hill.[5] "Devil's Kitchen" is rock formation and small cave on the lower slopes of Big Round Top.[6] HistoryThe igneous hill was formed 200 million years ago when the "outcrop of the Gettysburg sill" intruded through the Triassic "Gettysburg plain".[7]{{Rp|13}} Subsequent periglacial frost wedging during the Pleistocene formed the hill's extensive boulders.[2] Early human activity included Indigenous people clearing an area[8]{{Rp|d}} on [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hkcmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4277,4350579&dq=big-round-top+indian&hl=en the slope of Big Round Top] and established a burial ground ~1 mile southwest.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1CQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=If0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2027,1543429&dq=big-round-top+indian&hl=en][https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bYsyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zeYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5731,2021535&dq=big-round-top+indian&hl=en] prior to the 1736 British purchase of the region. Civil WarDuring the Battle of Gettysburg, Big Round Top's slope, timber, and boulders precluded placement of artillery on the summit. when "it was growing dark", Big "Round Top was still in [the] possession of the [Confederate] skirmishers, who were firing upon our men. It was important to hold this hill, as…it commanded…our line. I directed Colonel Fisher to occupy it at once. He immediately detached [3 regiments], who advanced promptly, driving the enemy before them" (Crawford's report).[1]{{Rp|a}} After 10 pm, Chamberlain's 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment occupied a Big Round Top summit position (the monument is on the north slope).[https://books.google.com/books?id=OSUtAAAAYAAJ] In 1893, Chamberlain was awarded a Medal of Honor for both "carrying the advance position on the Great Round Top" and "holding his position on the Little Round Top against repeated assaults" earlier in the day.
By September 1863, David McConaughy had begun to acquire a portion of Big Round Top for battlefield preservation.[14] The Elon J. Farnsworth monument was erected before 1896 at the base of Big Round Top,[15] and statues of William Wells (1931) and John Michael Tobin are also on the hill. PostbellumKilpatrick Avenue[8]{{Rp|c}} had been completed at the west base of Big Round Top by 1895[16] when the gravel South Confederate Avenue was constructed across the northwest slope.[17] In 1903, Wright Av was constructed along the northeast slope,[17] and in 1937, S Confederate Av and the Plum Run stone bridge were rebuilt [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hIklAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ufIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6215,2484659&dq=south-confederate+gettysburg&hl=en][https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gYklAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ufIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1615,2571786&dq=south-confederate+gettysburg&hl=en] for the 75th battle anniversary and reunion. In 1940, Seminary Ridge CCC workers rerouted the stone trail to the Big Round Top summit.[18]{{Rp|b}} Harry Truman visited Big Round Top in 1946. In 1964, the Big Round Top Nature Trail was created around the hill and provided access to the Devil's Kitchen.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3B8mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8P0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4785,1837654&dq=tower+round-top&hl=en] The 1895 Big Round Top Observation Tower was dismantled in 1968 and the foundation was named a historic ruin in 2004. Observation TowerThe tower was built in the late 19th century. Fred Lyons of Baltimore led the construction team that moved the foundation's granite blocks to the Big Round Top summit using block and tackle driven by a 12-horsepower engine. Constructed on the Gettysburg Battlefield's highest hill, the Big Round Top tower was to be replaced for the 1938 anniversary reunion by a stone "Gettysburg Peace Memorial" with a 75-foot-high observation deck above the summit and a flame 30 feet higher.[18] a. {{cite web |last=- |date=January 30, 1937 |title=Measure Calls for Creation of $100,000 Fund; Eternal Light To Be Built on Battlefield and Dedicated at Anniversary and Reunion in 1938 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZYklAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ufIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1052,3387574&dq=1937+big-round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-20}} a.[19]{{Rp|a}}[20] (The memorial was instead erected on Oak Hill.) DestructionDuring 1968 tower maintenance, the Schlesser Demolition Co dismantled the Big Round Top tower[8][21]{{Rp|b}} as uneconomical due to "its condition and the very limited use [due to an uphill, lengthy, and serpentine trail.] Most who started the climb gave out en route, and upon reaching the tower decided against continuing the climb to the top of the metal observatory" (GNMP Superintendent George F. Emery).[22] The foundation ruin (park structure RU05) of the "national landmark" tower,[8]{{Rp|e}} was "entered-documented" as a historic site on January 23, 2004.[23] {{ external media |align=right|width=27em| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20100223040126/http://www.gettysburgphotographs.com/gettysburg/Big%20Round%20Top/index.html monuments] | image2 = bas-relief of "Farnsworth's Charge"{{Verify source|THE 1913 COMMISSION REPORT HAS THE PREVIOUS DAY: "fine bas-relief representing the charge of Brig. Gen. Farnsworth's Cavalry detachment July 2, 1863" |date=March 2010}} | image3 = [https://www.flickr.com/photos/fauxto_dkp/3821803665/ view from 300' National Tower] }} See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |last=Norton |first=Lemuel B |date=September 18, 1863 |title=Report of…Chief Signal Officer…Gettysburg Campaign |url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/nortongettysburgor.htm |accessdate=2010-02-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103102102/http://civilwarhome.com/nortongettysburgor.htm| archivedate= 3 January 2010 | deadurl= no}} {{Gettysburg Campaign|state=collapsed}}2. ^1 {{cite web |year=2009 |title=Geologic Resources Inventory Report |url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/Geology/inventory/publications/reports/gett-eise_gri_rpt_body_print.pdf |format=pdf |location=Denver, Colorado |publisher=Natural Resource Program Center (NPS)|accessdate=2010-02-19}} 3. ^[https://www.gettysburgdaily.com/climbing-big-round-top/ Climbing Big Round Top] 4. ^{{cite web|title=Scenic Vistas |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/pphtml/subenvironmentalfactors25.html |work=Nature & Science |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2010-02-19 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 5. ^{{cite web |title=Points of interest near…Round Top |url=http://www.mountainpeaks.net/index.php?action=feature&type=%25&feature_name=big+round+top |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031903/http://www.mountainpeaks.net/index.php?action=feature&type=%&feature_name=big+round+top |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-07-19 |work=Mountain Peaks and Summit Names |publisher=MountainPeaks.net |accessdate=2010-03-22 }} 6. ^{{Cite web|author1=Adelman, Garry |author2=Smith, Timothy H. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Ramparts of Rock: The Natural Fortifications of Gettysburg Geology|publisher=Civil War Trust|url=http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/gettysburg-history-articles/ramparts-of-rock.html}} 7. ^{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Andrew |year=2006 |edition=Eleventh printing |origyear=1962 |title=Geology and the Gettysburg Campaign |url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/education/es5/es5.pdf |location=Pennsylvania |publisher=Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey |accessdate=2010-02-19 |quote=}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Gettysburg Times Archives |url=http://www.gettysburgtimes.com/archives/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121205182543/http://www.gettysburgtimes.com/archives/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-12-05 |publisher=Gettysburg Times |accessdate=2010-02-20 }} :c. {{cite web|date=May 20, 1962 |title=Historic and Other Important Landmarks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbolAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2_IFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5083,2208678&dq=tower+round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |work=Visitor's Supplement (p. 22) |accessdate=2010-02-21 }} :d. {{cite web|date=November 18, 1992 |title=Adams County Alumni Club of Gettysburg College meets |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NZEkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XP0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6951,1756610&dq=big-round-top+indian&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-20 }} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Attack on Little Round Top: Union and Confederate Perspective |url=http://www.gettysburg.edu/civilwar/resources/educational_resources/lesson_plans/battles_andmilitary/AttackonLittleRoundTopUnionandConfederatePerspectives.pdf |publisher=Gettysburg College |page=5 |accessdate=2010-02-22}} At various times during the 1863 battle, positions on Big Round Top formed the left flank of the Union defense. No fighting or other actions took place on Big Round Top on July 1.Martin, David G. [https://www.questia.com/read/100780163/gettysburg-july-1 Gettysburg, July 1]. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-938289-39-5}}. p. 583. Retrieved June 4, 2014. {{Subscription required|via=Questia}} 10. ^{{cite news |date=July 4, 1938 |title=Throng at Gettysburg Hears Roosevelt Call For Peace Campaign |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5lohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4ocFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6513,566157&dq=round-top+tower&hl=en |newspaper=Reading Eagle |quote=Whitworth guns of Hill's Corps [on Oak Hill] that raked Union positions on Big Round Top, a mile and a half distant.}}{{Verify source|THIS IS EITHER A NAME OR DISTANCE MISPRINT SINCE OAK HILL IS NOT a mile and a half FROM Big Round Top|date=February 2010}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Wert |first=Jeffry D |year=2002 |title=Gettysburg, Day Three |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsu3YM0wTxEC&pg=RA1-PA279 |pages=279, 390 |accessdate=2010-02-22 }} 12. ^{{cite web |date= |title=1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment |url=http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/VT/1VtCav.php |publisher=StoneSentinels.com |accessdate=2010-03-20 |quote=Wells's companies had cleared Bushman's Woods, to the right or east of Parson's battalion, knifed through the skirmish line of Alabamians to the left of the Texans, and entered the meadow of the Slyder farm, then turned east and followed a low stone wall to the spur of Big Round Top. …when the troopers reached the spur, the brigadier [Farnsworth] led them north through the woods behind the Alabama regiments deployed at the foot of the height. Many Confederates faced to the rear and shot at the passing column. "It was a swift,…enfilading fire." Wells's battalion broke through the treeline into fields of Devil's Den and Houck's Ridge. … Gunners in a section of Bachman's battery near Emmitsburg Road wheeled to the left, unleashing their fire on the horsemen in the open ground. …the mounted column splintered into three groups. … The final group, led by…Wells, retraced their route toward the spur of Big Round Top. … As the Federals re-emerged into a field, the 15th Alabama came rushing into a line across the cavalrymen's front. On the left of the 15th [was] the 46th Alabama… A scissors of musketry cut into the ranks of the New Englanders. Farnsworth…toppled to the ground |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hR34HCb4?url=http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/VT/1VtCav.php |archivedate=2009-06-10 |df= }} 13. ^{{citation |title=Medal of Honor record of William Wells, Group 94 (W-199-VS-1869)|location=NARA, Washington D.C. |quote=}} (cited by Cross, pp. 44,60){{Verify source|THE TEXT IN THE MoH CITATION AT THE William Wells (general) WIKIPAGE NEEDS CONFIRMED|date=March 2010}} 14. ^{{cite book |last=Davis |first=William C. |year=1995 |edition=Fifth Printing |origyear=1983 |title=Gettysburg: The Story Behind the Scenery |lccn=83-80606 |isbn=0-916122-89-1 |pages=10, 12 |quote=}} 15. ^{{cite web |date=Sep 3, 1895 |title=Battlefield Avenues |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2f0yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAAGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2929,7204928 |format=Google News |work=The Battlefield |publisher=Gettysburg Compiler |accessdate=2010-02-19}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=classified structure numbers RD346-WA01 |url=http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/summary.asp?PARK=GETT&STATE=&STRUCTURE=Slyder%20Barn&SORT=&PAGE=48 |work=List of Classified Structures |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2010-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804002651/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/summary.asp?PARK=GETT&STATE=&STRUCTURE=Slyder%20Barn&SORT=&PAGE=48 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 17. ^1 {{cite web |title=The Gettysburg Commission Reports |url=http://www.gdg.org/Research/Authored%20Items/BCRReports/rprthm.html |format=transcribed versions: 1893-1921, 1927-1933 |location=Gettysburg Discussion Group |accessdate=2010-02-04}} (original formats: [https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 1895], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QAkTAAAAYAAJ 1900], [https://books.google.com/books?id=47YsAAAAIAAJ 1909], [https://books.google.com/books?id=WZodAQAAIAAJ 1912], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cpIsAAAAIAAJ 1918]) 18. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=About this Newspaper: Star and Sentinel |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83032076/ |work=Library of Congress: Chronicling America |accessdate=2010-02-22}}:a. {{cite web |date=September 21, 1886 |title=The Pennsylvania Reserves at Gettysburg: Gen. Crawford's Contribution |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5FcmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=af8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,3052655&dq=rocky-ridge+devil's-den&hl=en |format=Google News |accessdate=2010-02-21}} "a deep, rocky depression separated it [Little Round Top] from the Great Round Top beyond. Into this depression Laws' brigade of Alabamians, supported by Robertson's Texans, had forced themselves and were advancing to the possession of Little Round Top.":b. {{cite web |date=Jul 13, 1940 |title=New Stone Walk Helps Climb on Big Round Top |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CIslAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wPIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1096,5390501&dq=round-top+tower&hl=en |format=Google News |accessdate=2010-02-19}} 19. ^{{cite web |last=- |date=July 1, 1922 |title=Traffic Rules on Battlefield |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zk4mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H_8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=916,4623905&dq=wheatfield-road+gettysburg&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-22}} 20. ^{{cite web |date=Jan 20, 1937 |title=Senator Rice Sponsors Bill for Gettysburg Peace Memorial |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CigzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bQAGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,2285355&dq=1937+big-round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |publisher=Gettysburg Compiler |accessdate=2010-03-20}} 21. ^:b. {{cite web |last=- |date=September 24, 1968 |title=Start Work on Tower |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KDUmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1468,3713414&dq=tower+round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-21}}:c. {{cite web |last=- |date=June 2, 1977 |title=Proposed Master Plan Lists Long Range Ideas For National Park Here |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p5syAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0OgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1800,2284410&dq=tower+round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-22}}:d. {{cite web |last=- |date=August 8, 1995 |title=100 Years Ago |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6BEmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wv0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2289,799618&dq=tower+round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-22}}:e. {{cite web |last=Neill |first=Bill |date=March 2, 1998 |title=Former commissioner urges 'common sense' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uyoxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=huYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4388,28596&dq=national-landmark+big-round-top&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |accessdate=2010-03-22}} 22. ^{{cite web |date=June 19, 1968 |title=Big Round Top to be Dismantled |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vDUmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2480,948014&dq=round-top+tower&hl=en |format=Google News |accessdate=2010-02-18}} 23. ^{{cite web |title=classified structure numbers RD346-WA01 |url=http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/summary.asp?PARK=GETT&STATE=&STRUCTURE=Slyder%20Barn&SORT=&PAGE=48 |work=List of Classified Structures |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2010-02-21 |quote=The tower was removed in {{sic|1961}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804002651/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/summary.asp?PARK=GETT&STATE=&STRUCTURE=Slyder%20Barn&SORT=&PAGE=48 |archive-date=2012-08-04 |dead-url=yes |df= }} ERRATA: The Big Round Top tower was dismantled in 1968 -- it was the Zeigler's Grove/Bryan House tower that was razed in 1961 [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WLslAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0PIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1335,2501037&dq=zeigler+tower+gettysburg&hl=e] (~3 weeks after the nearby observation deck on Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building had been built during Mission 66 for the 1963 anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg). 4 : Hills of Pennsylvania|Gettysburg Battlefield|Gettysburg National Military Park|Landforms of Adams County, Pennsylvania |
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