| 词条 | Bilateral descent |
| 释义 |
While bilateral descent is increasingly the norm in Western culture, traditionally it is only found among relatively few groups in West Africa, India, Australia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Polynesia. Anthropologists believe that a tribal structure based on bilateral descent helps members live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area.[3] Under bilateral descent, every tribe member belongs to two clans, one through the father (a patriclan) and another through the mother (a matriclan). For example, among the Himba, clans are led by the eldest male in the clan. Sons live with their father's clan and when daughters marry they go to live with the clan of their husband. However inheritance of wealth does not follow the patriclan but is determined by the matriclan i.e. a son does not inherit his father's cattle but his maternal uncle's instead.[3]{{Dead link|date=January 2019}} Javanese people, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, also adopt a bilateral kinship system .[4][5]The Dimasa Kachari people of Northeast India has a system of dual family clan. The Urapmin people, a small tribe in Papua New Guinea, have a system of kinship classes known as tanum miit. The classes are inherited bilaterally from both parents. Since they also practice strict endogamy, most Urapmin belong to all of the major classes, creating great fluidity and doing little to differentiate individuals.[6] See also{{portal|Psychology|Sociology}}
References1. ^{{cite book |last=Shepard |first=Jon |last2=Greene |first2=Robert W. |title=Sociology and You |publisher=Glencoe McGraw-Hill |year=2003 |location=Ohio |pages=A–22 |url=http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526 |doi= |id= |isbn=0-07-828576-3 |access-date=2009-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308100024/http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526 |archive-date=2010-03-08 |dead-url=yes |df= }} {{Family|state=collapsed}}{{anthropology-stub}}{{sociology-stub}}2. ^{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Linda |authorlink=Linda Stone |title=Kinship and Gender: An Introduction |publisher=Westview Press |year=2006 |location=Boulder, Colorado |pages=168–169 |isbn=978-0-8133-4302-0}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |title=The Himba and the Dam |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0005596A-DE68-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21| journal=Scientific American |date=June 2001 |volume=284 |issue=6 |pages=80–90 |author=Ezzell, Carol |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0601-80 |pmid=11396346}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Kathryn B. |authorlink= |title=Women workers and global restructuring |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1990 |location= |pages=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etI2NQhMSNgC |doi= |id= |isbn=978-0-87546-162-5}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Emmerson |first=Donald K. |authorlink= |title=Indonesia beyond Suharto: polity, economy, society, transition |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1999 |location= |pages=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQjzLRYXJZQC |doi= |id= |isbn=978-1-56324-890-0}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Robbins |first=Joel |title=Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Moral Torment in a Papua New Guinea Society |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-520-23800-1 |ref=harv |pages=191–192}} 2 : Sociological terminology|Kinship and descent |
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