| 词条 | Bimaristan |
| 释义 |
Bimaristan is a Persian word ({{lang|fa|بیمارستان}} bīmārestān) meaning "hospital", with Bimar- from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) of vīmār or vemār, meaning "sick" plus -stan as location and place suffix. In the medieval Islamic world, the word "Bimaristan" was used to indicate a hospital where the ill were welcomed and cared for by qualified staff. Overview{{See also|Academy of Gondishapur|Medicine in the medieval Islamic world#Hospitals}}Features of bimaristansAs hospitals developed during the Islamic civilization, specific characteristics were attained.{{huh|date=February 2018}} Bimaristans were secular. They served all people regardless of their race, religion, citizenship, or gender.[1] The Waqf documents stated nobody was ever to be turned away.[2] The ultimate goal of all physicians and hospital staff was to work together to help the well-being of their patients.[2] There was no time limit a patient could spend as an inpatient;[4] the Waqf documents stated the hospital was required to keep all patients until they were fully recovered.[1] Men and women were admitted to separate but equally equipped wards.[1][2] The separate wards were further divided into mental disease, contagious disease, non-contagious disease, surgery, medicine, and eye disease.[2][3] Patients were attended to by same sex nurses and staff.[3] Each hospital contained a lecture hall, kitchen, pharmacy, library, mosque and occasionally a chapel for Christian patients.[3][4] Recreational materials and musicians were often employed to comfort and cheer patients up.[3] The hospital was not just a place to treat patients, it also served as a medical school to educate and train students.[2] Basic science preparation was learned through private tutors, self-study and lectures. Islamic hospitals were the first to keep written records of patients and their medical treatment.[2] Students were responsible in keeping these patient records, which were later edited by doctors and referenced in future treatments.[3] During this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate.[3] In 931 AD, Caliph Al-Muqtadir learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error.[4] He immediately ordered his muhtasib Sinan ibn Thabit to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination.[3][4] From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine.[3][4] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Nagamia|first=Hussain|title=Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice|journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine|date=October 2003|volume=2|issue=4|pages=19–30|url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/not%20used/not%20used/JISHIM%20VOL.2%20NO.4%20PDF.pdf#page=24|accessdate=1 December 2011}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Haji Hasbullah Haji Abdul|title=The development of the Health Sciences and Related Institutions During the First Six Centuries of Islam|journal=ISoIT|year=2004|pages=973–984}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news|url=http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short|first=Andrew C |last=Miller|title=Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres|work=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|doi=10.1258/jrsm.99.12.615 |date=December 2006 |volume=99 |number=12 |pages=615–617 }} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Shanks|first1=Nigel J.|last2=Dawshe |first2=Al-Kalai|title=Arabian medicine in the Middle Ages|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|date=January 1984|volume=77|pages=60–65|pmc=1439563|pmid=6366229|issue=1}} Further reading{{commons category|Bimaristan}}
|last1=Morelon |first1=Régis |last2=Rashed |first2=Roshdi |year=1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science |volume=3 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-12410-2 |title-link=Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
4 : Islamic medicine|Bimaristans|Persian words and phrases|Iranian inventions |
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