1. Definition

2. Example

3. Ordinary generating function

4. Euler transform

5. Exponential generating function

6. Integral representation

7. Generalizations

8. See also

9. References

10. External links

In combinatorics, the binomial transform is a sequence transformation (i.e., a transform of a sequence) that computes its forward differences. It is closely related to the Euler transform, which is the result of applying the binomial transform to the sequence associated with its ordinary generating function.

Definition

The binomial transform, T, of a sequence, {a_n}, is the sequence {s_n} defined by

Formally, one may write

for the transformation, where T is an infinite-dimensional operator with matrix elements T_nk.

The transform is an involution, that is,

or, using index notation,

where is the Kronecker delta. The original series can be regained by

The binomial transform of a sequence is just the nth forward differences of the sequence, with odd differences carrying a negative sign, namely:

where Δ is the forward difference operator.

Some authors define the binomial transform with an extra sign, so that it is not self-inverse:

whose inverse is

In this case the former transform is called the inverse binomial transform, and the latter is just binomial transform. This is standard usage for example in On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.

Example

Binomial transforms can be seen in difference tables. Consider the following:

The top line 0, 1, 10, 63, 324, 1485,... (a sequence defined by (2n² + n)3^n − 2) is the (noninvolutive version of the) binomial transform of the diagonal 0, 1, 8, 36, 128, 400,... (a sequence defined by n²2^n − 1).

Ordinary generating function

The transform connects the generating functions associated with the series. For the ordinary generating function, let

and

then

Euler transform

The relationship between the ordinary generating functions is sometimes called the Euler transform. It commonly makes its appearance in one of two different ways. In one form, it is used to accelerate the convergence of an alternating series. That is, one has the identity

which is obtained by substituting x=1/2 into the last formula above. The terms on the right hand side typically become much smaller, much more rapidly, thus allowing rapid numerical summation.

The Euler transform can be generalized (Borisov B. and Shkodrov V., 2007):

,

where p = 0, 1, 2,...

The Euler transform is also frequently applied to the Euler hypergeometric integral . Here, the Euler transform takes the form:

The binomial transform, and its variation as the Euler transform, is notable for its connection to the continued fraction representation of a number. Let have the continued fraction representation

then

and

Exponential generating function

For the exponential generating function, let

and

then

The Borel transform will convert the ordinary generating function to the exponential generating function.

Integral representation

When the sequence can be interpolated by a complex analytic function, then the binomial transform of the sequence can be represented by means of a Nörlund–Rice integral on the interpolating function.

Generalizations

Prodinger gives a related, modular-like transformation: letting

gives

where U and B are the ordinary generating functions associated with the series and , respectively.

The rising k-binomial transform is sometimes defined as

The falling k-binomial transform is

.

Both are homomorphisms of the kernel of the Hankel transform of a series.

In the case where the binomial transform is defined as

Let this be equal to the function

If a new forward difference table is made and the first elements from each row of this table are taken to form a new sequence , then the second binomial transform of the original sequence is,

If the same process is repeated k times, then it follows that,

Its inverse is,

This can be generalized as,

where is the shift operator.

Its inverse is

See also

• Newton series
• Hankel matrix
• Möbius transform
• Stirling transform
• Euler summation
• List of factorial and binomial topics

References

• John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, 1996, The Book of Numbers
• Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming Vol. 3, (1973) Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
• Helmut Prodinger, 1992, Some information about the Binomial transform
• Michael Z. Spivey and Laura L. Steil, 2006, The k-Binomial Transforms and the Hankel Transform
• Borisov B. and Shkodrov V., 2007, Divergent Series in the Generalized Binomial Transform, Adv. Stud. Cont. Math., 14 (1): 77-82
• Khristo N. Boyadzhiev, Notes on the Binomial Transform, Theory and Table, with Appendix on the Stirling Transform (2018), World Scientific.

External links

• Binomial Transform
• [https://oeis.org/transforms.html Transformations of Integer Sequences]

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