| 词条 | Biocultural diversity |
| 释义 |
Linguistic DiversityCultural traditions are passed down through language, making language an important factor in the existence of biocultural diversity. There has been a decline in the number of languages globally. The Linguistic Diversity Index has recorded that between 1970 and 2005, the number of languages spoken globally has decreased by 20%. This decline has been especially observed in indigenous languages, with a 60% decline in the Americas, 30% in the Pacific, and 20% in Africa. Currently, there are 7,000 languages being spoken in the world. Half the population speaks only 25 of these languages, the top 5 in order being Mandarin, Spanish, English, Hindi, and Bengali. The remaining 6975 languages are divided between the other half of the population.[4] Because languages develop in a given community of speakers as that society adapts to its environment, languages reflect and express the biodiversity of that area. In areas of high biodiversity, language diversity is also higher, suggesting that a greater diversity in culture can be found in these areas. In fact, many of the areas of the world inhabited by smaller, isolated communities are also home to large numbers of endemic plant and animal species. As these people are often considered to be "stewards" of their environments, loss of language diversity means a disappearance of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), an important factor in the conservation of biodiversity.[5] Declaration of BelemAwareness about the balance between biological and cultural diversity has been increasing for a few decades. At the first international congress on ethnobiology in 1988, scientists met with indigenous peoples to discuss ways to better manage the use of natural resources and protect vulnerable communities around the world. They developed the Declaration of Belem, named after the city where the congress was held, which outlined eight steps to ensure conservation efforts would be implemented effectively.[6] Hotspots of Biocultural DiversityThere are three areas which have been identified as hotspots of biocultural diversity: The Amazon Basin, Central Africa, and Indomalaysia/Malenesia. Hot spots of biocultural diversity can be calculated by averaging a countries biological diversity and cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is scored based on "a country's language diversity, religion diversity, and ethnic group diversity".[7] Recent programs in the Eastern Himalayas have also engaged this concept to promote conservation.[8] See also{{Portal|Ecology|Environment|Sustainable Development}}
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Maffi|first=Luisa|title=The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nyZFZgbpdKYC&pg=PA267&dq=maffi+l+2007+biocultural+diversity+and+sustainability#v=onepage&q=maffi&f=false|authorlink=Biocultural Diversity and Sustainability|editor=Jules Pretty|accessdate=27 October 2012|page=269|display-editors=etal|isbn=9781446250082}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Maffi|first=Luisa|title=Biocultural Diversity Conservation|year=2012|publisher=Earthscan|location=UK|pages=5}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Maffi|first=Luisa|title=Biocultural Diversity Conservation|year=2012|publisher=Earthscan|location=UK|pages=6–8}} 4. ^{{cite web |last=Harmon, Loh |first=David, Jonathan |title=Index of Linguistic Diversity |url=http://www.terralingua.org/linguisticdiversity/ |work=Terralingua: unity in biocultural diversity |accessdate=29 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822015417/http://www.terralingua.org/linguisticdiversity/ |archivedate=22 August 2012 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite book|title=On Biocultural Diversity|year=2001|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington|pages=1–11|editor=Luisa Maffi}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Declaration of Belem|url=http://www.ethnobiology.net/what-we-do/core-programs/global-coalition-2/declaration-of-belem/|publisher=International Society of Ethnobiology|accessdate=4 December 2012}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Loh|first=Jonathan|author2=Harmon|title=A Global Index of Biocultural Diversity|journal=Ecological Indicators|date=August 2005|volume=5|issue=3|pages=231–241|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.02.005}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=2017-03-29 |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |issue=21 |pages= 21|doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmid=28356115 |pmc=5372287 }} External links
2 : Biodiversity|Anthropology |
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