词条 | Bison occidentalis |
释义 |
| fossil_range = Pleistocene-Holocene | genus = Bison | species = occidentalis | authority = Lucas, 1898 [1] | extinct = yes }} Bison occidentalis is an extinct species of bison that lived in North America and Japanese archipelago[2] from about 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, spanning the end of the Pleistocene to the mid-Holocene.[3] Likely evolving from Bison antiquus, B. occidentalis was smaller overall from its ancestor and other species such as the steppe bison. B. occidentalis had a highly variable morphology, and their horns, which pointed rearward, were much thinner and pointed than Pleistocene species of bison.[3] Around 5,000 years ago, B. occidentalis was replaced by today's smaller Bison bison. B. occidentalis, like other bison species, may have existed in small, scattered populations and been unable to increase in numbers until after the Pleistocene epoch ended 10,000 years ago because of competition with other large grazers during the Pleistocene.[4] More recently ancient DNA studies have proven interbreeding between B. occidentalis and ancestral modern bisons, so B. occidentalis was proposed to have been a localized offshoot of B. antiquus and part of the transition from that chronospecies to modern bisons.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}See also
==References== 1. ^{{cite journal |title=Holocene Bison occidentalis from Iowa |author=Stephen Austin Hall |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=53 |issue=3 |year=1972 |pages=604–606 |jstor=1379052}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2316354}}{{paleo-eventoedungulate-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hasegawa |first1=Y. |last2=Okumura |first2=Y. |last3=Tatsukawa |first3=H. |year=2009 |title=First record of Late Pleistocene Bison from the fissure deposits of the Kuzuu Limestone, Yamasuge,Sano-shi,Tochigi Prefecture,Japan |journal=Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist. |publisher=Gunma Museum of Natural History and Kuzuu Fossil Museum |number=13 |pages=47–52 |url=http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin13_5.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2018-12-03}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |title=North American bison: their classification and evolution. |last=McDonald |first=J. N. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1981 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520040023 |pages= |url= }} 4. ^{{cite book |title=American Bison: A Natural History |last=Lott |first=Dale F. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-23338-7 |pages= |url= }} 6 : Bison|Prehistoric bovids|Pleistocene even-toed ungulates|Prehistoric mammals of North America|Holocene extinctions|Fossil taxa described in 1898 |
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