“Black-and-gray”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Black-and-gray (also black-and-grey, black and grey/gray) is a style of tattooing that uses only black ink in varying shades and typically uses a single needle. This tattooing style is thought to have originated from prisons in the 1970s and 1980s and was later popularized in tattoo parlors.

Origin

Black-and-gray is sometimes referred to as "jailhouse"^[1] or "joint style"^[2] and is thought to have originated in prisons where inmates had limited access to different materials; they resorted to using guitar strings for needles^[3] and used cigarette ashes or pen ink to produce tattoos.^[2]^[4]^[5] Inmates would construct makeshift tattoo machines that were powered using the small motors available in tape players.^[2] Prisons generally prohibit inmates from tattooing, so these were likely to be done in secret.^[4] During the late 1970s and early 1980s, jailhouse then became popularized in tattoo parlors outside of prison and was renamed "black and gray".^[2]^[6] Black-and-gray is also thought to have originated from the Chicano^[7] or cholo culture in Los Angeles.^[3]

Technique

Typically, black-and-gray tattoo work is produced by diluting the black ink with distilled water in varying proportions to create a "wash" that results in lighter shades.^[8]^[9] Gray shades can also be produced by mixing small amounts of black ink with white ink, which produces a thicker but brighter result and requires a slower application.^[9] Shading is typically an important component for these types of tattoos as they will fade over a period of years without strong black tones, which provide contrast and allows the tattoo to stand out.{{sfn|Reardon|2008|pp=170–171}}^[10] Subtle kinds of shading in black-and-gray are considered to require a high level of skill and illustrates professionalism in the industry.^[5]

Common usage

Black-and-gray techniques are often employed for a variety of tattoos. Japanese irezumi, such as the rising koi, are traditionally done using black-and-gray,{{sfn|Buchanan|2014|p=48}} although colored irezumi sometimes use black-and-gray backgrounds in a manner similar to sumi-e brushwork.^[11] Classic Chicano tattoos — which include a broad range of imagery such as icons in Catholicism or the Mexican flag and partially originated from prison life — are also normally done in black-and-gray.{{sfn|DeMello|2014|pp=105–106}} Photo-realistic portraits are also commonly done in black-and-gray,{{sfn|Gerber|2012|p=23}} and typically resist deterioration better than color portraits.{{sfn|Buchanan|2014|p=60}}

In some color tattoos, artists can use black-and-gray initially to provide a foundation for the subsequent shading using colors. The colored ink can be added directly above the black-and-gray portions of the tattoo.^[12]

Examples

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Beth|title=Coping with the dangers of tattooing, body piercing, and branding|date=1999|publisher=Hazelden|location=Center City, MN|isbn=1568382464|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNwgkXnfsq4C}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Jean-Chris|title=he Body Art Book: A Complete, Illustrated Guide to Tattoos, Piercings, and Other Body Modifications|date=1997|publisher=Berkley Books|location=New York|isbn=042515985X|pages=52–53|edition=Berkley trade pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zaXPwAACAAJ}}
3. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Hemingson|first1=Vince|title=Alphabets and scripts tattoo design directory : the essential reference for body art|date=2010|publisher=Chartwell Books|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=0785825789|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2Cr3tIU97Q}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Levy|first1=Janey|title=Tattoos in modern society|date=2009|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=1404218297|page=39|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HItttnt8uQgC}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Gerber|first1=Larry|title=Getting inked : what to expect when you get a tattoo|date=2012|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=1448846161|page=23|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_gnxgy4Yy0C}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Kahn|first1=Eve M.|title=Tattoos’ Impressions in Print and in Film|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/01/arts/design/tattoos-in-more-books-and-films-dog-art-at-william-secord.html|accessdate=19 September 2014|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=31 January 2013}}
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Frucci|first1=Angela|title=Los Angeles is becoming the capital of tattoo artists|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=20050111&id=mT4dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hKYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3054,3376978|accessdate=20 September 2014|work=The Tuscaloosa News|agency=NY Times News Service|date=11 January 2005}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=DeMello|first1=Margo|title=Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1610690761|page=731|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmRyBAAAQBA|ref=harv}}
9. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Reardon|first1=John|title=The complete idiot's guide to getting a tattoo|date=2008|publisher=Alpha Books|location=Indianapolis, IN|isbn=1592577253|page=79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kyvcwBK0aUC&pg=PA7}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Buchanan|first1=Fip|title=Art of tattoo design : creating masterful tattoo art from start to finish.|date=2014|publisher=F&W Media Inc.|location=S.l.|isbn=1440328870|page=26|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwqrAgAAQBAJ}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Terisa|title=The Tattoo Encyclopedia|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=1471108619|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycGaoqYm7eAC&pg=PT328&dq=Black+and+gray+tattoo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JTUdVKfMFY6ryASKvYHoBw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=%22Black%20and%20gray%22&f=false}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1=Jordan|first1=C.R.|title=Basic fundamentals of modern tattoo|date=2009|publisher=Tattoo Books Online|location=Phoenix, Ariz.|isbn=0615281478|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6d1yoOfytsC|accessdate=21 September 2014}}