| 词条 | Black-and-yellow tanager |
| 释义 |
| name = Black-and-yellow tanager | image = Chrysothlypis chrysomelas.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Chrysothlypis | species = chrysomelas | authority = (Sclater & Salvin, 1869) }} The black-and-yellow tanager (Chrysothlypis chrysomelas) is a fairly small passerine bird. This tanager is an endemic resident in the hills of Costa Rica and Panama. In Panama it has been recorded as far east as the border-region with Colombia, but it has not yet been recorded in the latter country, though it almost certainly occurs.[2] In Costa Rica, the black-and-yellow tanager is found in the foothills and slopes on the Caribbean side of the central mountain ranges, typically from {{convert|600|to|1200|m|ft}} altitude, and occasionally down to {{convert|400|m|ft}}.[3] In Panama, it is found on both the Caribbean and Pacific slope from {{convert|450|to|1200|m|ft}}.[2] The preferred habitat is the canopy of wet forest and tall second growth, but it will feed lower at woodland edges and clearing. The neat cup nest is built on a tree branch. The eggs are undescribed.[3] The adult black-and-yellow tanager is about {{convert|12|cm|in}} long and weighs {{convert|12.5|g|oz}}.[3] Most authorities recognize two subspecies: The nominate in Costa Rica and western Panama and C. c. ocularis in eastern Panama, but some recognize the population in Costa Rican and extreme western Panama as a third subspecies, C. c. titanota (then limiting the nominate to the remaining part of western Panama).[2] The adult male has a bright yellow head, rump and underparts, and a black back, wings and tail. The wing linings are white. The male of C. c. ocularis differs in having a black spot on the lores.[2] The female has olive upperparts and yellow underparts, but in Costa Rica and extreme western Panama (the sometimes recognized C. c. titanota) the throat and lower belly is whitish.[4] She could be mistaken for a warbler or a female yellow-backed tanager.[2] Immatures resemble the adult female.[4] Black-and-yellow tanagers occur in small groups, or as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. This species feeds on small fruit, usually swallowed whole, insects and spiders. The black-and-yellow tanager's call is a scratchy single or repeated tsew, higher and faster than that of the silver-throated tanager.[3] Some taxonomic lists modified the original name based on gender and use the specific name of chrysomelaena and this emendation is not considered correct.[5] References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22722281 |title=Chrysothlypis chrysomelas |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} {{Portal|Tanagers}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2984004}}{{DEFAULTSORT:tanager, black-and-yellow}}2. ^1 2 3 4 Ridgely and Gwynne (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama, with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. {{ISBN|0-691-08529-3}} 3. ^1 2 3 Stiles and Skutch (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. {{ISBN|0-8014-9600-4}} 4. ^1 Olson (1981). Systematic notes on certain Oscines from Panama and adjacent areas (Aves: Passeriformes). Prov. Biol. Soc. Wash. 94(2): 363-373. 5. ^David, N. & Gosselin M. (2002) Gender agreement of avian species names. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 122:14–49 4 : Chrysothlypis|Birds of Costa Rica|Birds of Panama|Birds described in 1869 |
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