| 词条 | Black doll |
| 释义 |
A black doll is a doll of a black person. Representations, both stereotypical and realistic, fashioned into playthings, date back centuries. More accurate, mass-produced depictions are manufactured today as toys and adult collectibles. European manufactureSeveral 19th-century European doll companies preceded American doll companies in manufacturing black dolls. These predecessors include Carl Bergner of Germany, who made a three-faced doll with one face a crying black child and the other two, happier white faces. In 1892, Jumeau of Paris advertised black and mixed race dolls with bisque heads. Gebruder Heubach of Germany made character faces in bisque. Other European doll makers include Bru Jne. & Cie of Paris, Steiner, Danel, Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets (S.F.B.J.), and Kestner of Germany. American manufactureAmerican entrepreneur Richard Henry Boyd founded the National Negro Doll Company in 1911 "after he tried to purchase dolls for his children but could find none that were not gross caricatures of African Americans."[1] American companies began including black dolls in their doll lines in the early 1900s. Between 1910 and 1930, Horsman, Vogue, and Madame Alexander included black dolls in their doll lines. Gradually, other American companies followed suit. Beatrice Wright Brewington, an African American entrepreneur, founded B. Wright's Toy Company, Inc. and mass-produced black dolls with ethnically-correct features[2]. Also an educator, Wright began instructing girls in the art of making dolls in 1955[3]. During the 1960s and in the aftermath of the Watts Riots in Los Angeles, California, Shindana Toys, a Division of Operation Bootstrap, Inc., is credited as the first major doll company to mass-produce ethnically-correct[4] black dolls in the United States. Other popular collectible black dolls include manufactured play dolls past and current, manufactured dolls designed for collectors by companies such as Madame Alexander and Tonner Doll, artist dolls, one-of-a-kind dolls, portrait dolls and those representing historical figures, reborn dolls, and paper dolls. In addition, American Girl has also released black dolls portraying girls of color from various points in American history such as Addy Walker and civil rights-era Melody Ellison, as well as those from the present day. In 1947, the first African American woman cartoonist Jackie Ormes created the Patty-Jo doll, which was based on the cartoon she penned for newspapers at the time[5]. The doll was a realistic black doll away from the mammy doll stereotype[6]. To honor the history of black dolls, in 2012, three sisters named Debra Britt and her sisters, Felicia Walker and Tamara Mattison opened the [https://nbdmhc.org/ National Black Doll Museum of History and Culture] in Mansfield, Massachusetts. It features over 6,000 black dolls[7] and its mission is to nurture the self-esteem of children and preserve the legacy of black dolls[8]. Roughly 1,000 black dolls are also on view at the [https://philadollmuseum.com/ Philadelphia Doll Museum], which was founded by Barbara Whiteman[9]. Barbie created their first black doll in 1967 and 1969 respectively with dolls named Francie and Christie[10], which caused controversy at the time it was released[11]. See also
Further reading
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blackthen.com/a-father-creates-the-first-black-doll-company-for-his-daughters-because-he-could-not-find-any-dolls-that-were-not-gross-caricatures-of-african-american/|title=Former Slave Creates The First Black Doll Company For His Daughters, Here's Why {{!}} Black Then|website=blackthen.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/25/black-dolls-collection-african-american-history|title=From controversy to empowerment: the history of black dolls|last=Sayej|first=Nadja|date=2017-04-25|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blackdollcollecting.blogspot.com/2010/02/moments-in-black-doll-history-beatrice.html|title=Black Doll Collecting: Moments in Black Doll History - Beatrice Wright Dolls|last=Enthusiast|first=Black Doll|date=2010-02-23|website=Black Doll Collecting|access-date=2018-11-08}} 4. ^MIBDH: The Shindana Story and One of Its Main Characters (retrieved May 5, 2017), The Shindana Story, Originally printed in the March/April 1990 issue of Doll-E-Gram, published by Lavern E. Hall 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://zocalopoets.com/2015/02/28/jackie-ormes-torchy-candy-patty-jo-ginger/|title=Jackie Ormes: Torchy, Candy, Patty-Jo & Ginger!|date=2015-03-01|work=Zócalo Poets|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2018/01/19/the-rediscovered-legacy-of-jackie-ormes-the-first-black-woman-with-a-syndicated-comic-strip/|title=Perspective {{!}} The rediscovered legacy of Jackie Ormes, the first black woman with a syndicated comic strip|last=https://www.facebook.com/comicriffs|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/black-is-beautiful-why-black-dolls-matter/|title=Black Is Beautiful: Why Black Dolls Matter|work=Collectors Weekly|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2018/05/national-black-doll-museum|title=Learning from Toys|date=2018-04-06|work=Harvard Magazine|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://whyy.org/articles/doll-museum-embodies-passion-for-history-hope-for-future/|title=Doll museum embodies passion for history, hope for future : WHYY|work=WHYY|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chocolatedoll.com/african_american_barbie_creation.html|title=Chocolatedoll.com! Finally the History of Black Barbie|website=www.chocolatedoll.com|access-date=2018-11-08}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chocolatedoll.com/barbie_controversy.html|title=Chocolatedoll.com! The Controversy of Barbie|last=Design.|first=PGC|website=www.chocolatedoll.com|access-date=2018-11-08}} External links
3 : Dolls|African-American culture|Stereotypes of African Americans |
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