| 词条 | Black Down, Somerset |
| 释义 |
| name = Black Down | photo = beacon_batch_lowres.jpg | photo_caption = A view across Black Down from Beacon Batch in the Mendip Hills | elevation_m = 325 | elevation_ref = | prominence = c. 241 m | parent_peak = Dunkery Beacon | listing = Marilyn | location = Mendip Hills, England | range = | coordinates = | grid_ref_UK = ST484572 | topo = OS Landranger 141 | type = | age = | easiest_route = }} Black Down is the highest hill in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, in south-western England. Black Down lies just a few miles eastward of the Bristol Channel at Weston-super-Mare, and provides a view over the Chew Valley. The summit is marked with an Ordnance Survey trig point, the base of which has been rebuilt by the Mendip Hills AONB authority. The shortest route of ascent goes from the Burrington Combe car park and is approximately 1 km long. Black Down is an open-access area mostly consisting of moors, with dense cover of associated vegetation such as heather and bracken. According to a local organization's newsletter, the name "Black Down" comes from the Saxon word 'Blac' or 'Bloec' meaning bleak, 'Dun' meaning down or fort.[1] GeologyThe rocks form an anticline with the oldest being Old Red Sandstone at the summit, which was deposited during the Devonian period between 400 and 362 million years ago, with younger Portishead Beds of limestone and Black Nore Sandstone on either side.[2] As a result of the Variscan mountain-building, the Mendip area now comprises at least four anticlinal fold structures, with an east-west trend, each with a core of older Devonian sandstone and Silurian volcanic rocks.[3][4] The Devonian and Silurian rocks are generally more resistant to weathering than the limestone,[5] and form some of the highest points on the hills, including the highest at Black Down, 325 metres (1068 ft) above sea level.[6][7] Black Down is a moorland area, with its steeper slopes covered in bracken (Pteridium) and its flatter summit in heather (Calluna) and grasses rather than the pasture which covers much of the plateau.[8][9] Beacon Batch round barrow cemeteryThe summit area of Black Down is known as Beacon Batch. It is the site of bronze age round barrows, one of which also anchors the concrete trig point. All of the barrows show signs of being opened in the past, but the only recorded excavation was done by Rev J. Skinner in 1820.[10] The main group of barrows consists of nine bowl barrows, one bell barrow and one disc barrow. There is also an outlying group of three bowl barrows to the west, and a group of two bowl barrows about {{convert|600|m|mi}} to the southeast of the main group.[11] Bombing decoy townDuring World War II a bombing decoy town was constructed on Black Down, which was intended to represent the blazing lights of a town which had omitted to follow black-out regulations. The decoy, known under the code name Starfish from the original code SF (Special Fire) used fires of creosote and water to simulate incendiary bombs exploding. In addition glow boxes were used to simulate the streets and railways of Bristol, the light bulbs were powered by electrical generators, powered by Coventry Climax petrol engines contained in two bunkers. It was laid out by Shepperton Film Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards.[12] The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location.[12] The site was home to a Z battery of anti aircraft rockets.[12][13] The success of this endeavour is questionable, with no ground indications that the hills were used as targets.[14] Piles of stones (known as cairns) were also created to prevent enemy aircraft from using the hilltop as a landing site.[15] Heritage at RiskBoth the World War II bombing decoy complex and round barrow cemetery are included on the Heritage at Risk register maintained by English Heritage due to erosion from the visitors to the site.[16] A three-year project from 2013 to 2016 has been funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, and hosted by the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Unit, has been established to "raise awareness of the importance of Black Down and the Burrington Commons".[17] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/publications/up_081015_autumn07_lo.pdf |title=Autumn newsletter 2007 |accessdate=25 September 2007 |format=PDF |work=Mendip Hills AONB |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128102641/http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/publications/up_081015_autumn07_lo.pdf |archivedate=28 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Haslett|first=Simon K.|title=Somerset Landscapes: Geology and landforms|year=2010|publisher=Blackbarn Books|location=Usk|isbn=9781456416317|pages=26–27}} 3. ^{{cite book |year=1948 |last1= Kellaway |first1= G. A. |last2=Welch |first2=F. B. A. |title=Bristol and Gloucester District |series=British Regional Geology |location=London |publisher=HMSO for Natural Environment Research Council, Institute of Geological Sciences, Geographical Survey and Museum |edition=Second |isbn=0-11-880064-7 |pages=7, 10–11, 16 & 34–38}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Haslett|first=Simon K.|title=Somerset Landscapes: Geology and landforms|year=2010|publisher=Blackbarn Books|location=Usk|isbn=9781456416317|pages=25–28}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Black Down Geology Fact Sheet|url=http://www.discoveringblackdown.org.uk/sites/default/files/uploads/Geology%20fact%20sheet.pdf|publisher=Discovering Black Down|accessdate=14 December 2014}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Blackdown|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/localities/blackdown.html|publisher=British Geological Survey|accessdate=14 December 2014}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Atthill |first=Robin |title=Mendip: A new study |year=1976 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot|page=11 |isbn= 0-7153-7297-1 }} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Atthill |first=Robin |title=Mendip: A new study |year=1976 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot|page=42 |isbn= 0-7153-7297-1 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca141_tcm6-5522.pdf|title=Mendip Hills|work=Character Area Appraisal|publisher=Natural England|pages=122–128|accessdate=9 April 2010}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Adkins |first=Lesley and Roy |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A field Guide to Somerset Archeology |year=1992 |publisher=Dovecote press |location=Stanbridge |isbn=0-946159-94-7|page=24 }} 11. ^Extract from record of Scheduled Monument 12. ^1 2 Brown, Donald (1999). Somerset v Hitler: Secret Operations in the Mendips 1939 - 1945. Newbury: Countryside Books. {{ISBN|1-85306-590-0}}. pages 165-177 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mendiptimes.co.uk/|title=Starfish and subterfuge|last=Davies|first=Les|date=March 2009|work=Mendip Times|accessdate=24 February 2009}} 14. ^{{cite web | title=Mendip Hills An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty | work=Somerset County Council Archeological Projects | url=http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf | accessdate=16 January 2011}} 15. ^{{National Heritage List for England |num=1020995 |desc=World War II bombing decoy complex, anti-aircraft obstructions and Beacon Batch round barrow cemetery on Black Down|accessdate=5 April 2015}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=World War II bombing decoy complex, anti-aircraft obstructions and Beacon Batch round barrow cemetery on Black Down, Priddy / Cheddar — Mendip|url=http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/register.aspx?id=44152|work=Heritage at Risk|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727013008/http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/register.aspx?id=44152|archive-date=27 July 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=About|url=http://www.discoveringblackdown.org.uk/about|publisher=Discovering Black Down|accessdate=14 December 2014}} External links{{commonscat inline|Black Down, Somerset}}{{Mendip Hills}}{{coord|51.31156|N|2.74170|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(ST484572)|display=title}} 4 : Marilyns of England|Mendip Hills|Hills of Somerset|Structures on the Heritage at Risk register in Somerset |
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