| 词条 | Blackwater Falls State Park |
| 释义 |
| name = Blackwater Falls State Park | iucn_category = III | iucn_ref = [1] | photo = Blackwater Falls.jpg | photo_caption = Blackwater Falls | map = USA West Virginia | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = Location of Blackwater Falls State Park in West Virginia | relief = 1 | location = Tucker, West Virginia, United States | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|39|06|32|N|79|29|46|W|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_acre = 2358 | area_ref = [2] | elevation = {{convert|2897|ft|m|abbr=on}} | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 1937[3] | named_for = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | website = {{URL|https://wvstateparks.com/park/blackwater-falls-state-park/}} | embedded = }} Blackwater Falls State Park is located in the Allegheny Mountains of Tucker County, West Virginia, USA. The centerpiece of the park is Blackwater Falls, a {{convert|62|ft|m|sing=on}} cascade where the Blackwater River leaves its leisurely course in Canaan Valley and enters rugged Blackwater Canyon. It is among the most photographed venues in the state and appears on calendars, stationery, and advertisements. The river is named for its tannin-darkened water. GeographyBlackwater Falls State Park is located about two miles (3 km) southwest of Davis. It protects {{convert|2358|acre}}[2] of red spruce and eastern hemlock upland forest. (Other important tree species in the park include yellow birch, American beech, red maple and black cherry.) The FallsThe "Great Falls" of Blackwater River {{coord|39.1135|-79.483|type:waterbody_region:US-WV}} drop about {{convert|62|ft|m}} at the head of Blackwater Canyon. The major ledge is composed of Connoquenessing sandstone of the Middle Pottsville Formation. The Falls are usually cited as the highest above-ground falls (there are higher cave falls) in the state.[4][5] A rocky prominence near the center of the Falls divides its waters into a distinctive formation, rendering its images instantly recognizable. In winter, the Falls often ice over completely. A broad trail descends about {{convert|320|ft|m}} from the Falls parking lot to a wooden walkway and overlook, while a much steeper trail extends beyond to the basin below the Falls. On the opposite (east) side of the river, a longer trail ("Gentle Trail") also accesses the Falls from a higher vantage point. Other park trails and fallsA nature trail (wheelchair-accessible) near the park lodge leads to the more distant Lindy Point overlook, affording an excellent view south into the Canyon. There are several other smaller falls within the park. These chutes, cascades, and overhanging ledges on Falls Run (multi-ledge drop, 30 feet), Shay Run (Elakala Falls; 40 feet), and Pendleton Run (Pendleton Falls; {{convert|20|ft|m}} plus cascades above and below) are accessible by trail. HistoryThe name of the first white explorer to stumble upon Blackwater Falls is not known. There was an oral tradition that it was the early hunter/explorer of the Potomac and Youghiogheny River watersheds Meshach Browning (1781–1859), but while this is plausible there is no documentary evidence for it. [6]{{rp|596}} Travel writer Philip Pendleton Kennedy described the Blackwater Canyon for a popular readership in 1853, but somehow managed to miss the Falls.[7] The same year however, his companion and cousin, the illustrator David Hunter Strother (“Porte Crayon”), published “The Virginia Canaan” about his adventures in the Blackwater Country and the Falls entered the literature for the first time.[8] [9] Strother also published a more lengthy description of his June 1852 visit in an article called “The Mountains”.[10] The Dobbin House was built near the Falls in 1858 and provided a popular lodge for visitors to the Falls during the 1860s and ‘70s.[6]{{rp|596–597}} A published account of a May 1879 visit to the Falls by recreationalists[11] further popularized the site. At least four deaths have occurred at the falls. In 1933, a local was accidentally washed over the Falls during a flood.[6]{{rp|598}} Rudolph Kendzior of Monongah, West Virginia, died cliff diving in 1937. In 1973, a couple were swept over the falls when a woman lost her footing on a slippery rock and her husband lost his balance while trying to catch her.[12] Beginning in the early 1930s, various leases and donations to the state from the West Virginia Power and Transmission Company (WVPTC), later called Allegheny Power Systems, which then owned much of Blackwater Canyon, protected and facilitated tourism at the Falls. The first of these (1934) resulted in establishment and maintenance, by the West Virginia State Forest and Park Commission, of a {{convert|446|acre|km2}} scenic overlook at the head of the Canyon which included the celebrated Falls itself.[6]{{rp|597}} A state park was formally established in 1937. Additional donations of land in 1953 and 1955 by the WVPTC, {{convert|489|acre|km2|1}}, and by the U.S. Forest Service, {{convert|744|acre|km2|1}}, in 1957, brought the total to some {{convert|1679|acre|km2}}. The Park was day-use only until the mid-1950s. The years 1955 and ’56, however, saw several improvements to buildings and grounds including construction of 25 cabins, a dammed fishing/skating lake, and a 55-room lodge dubbed “The Lodge in the Sky” (since the park is the highest in the state) which was opened and dedicated in 1957. Annual visitors numbered 240,000 (over 18,000 of them overnighters) by 1960.[6]{{rp|598}} In May 2000, West Virginia Governor Cecil Underwood purchased {{convert|25|acre|m2}} of Blackwater Canyon for $50,000 an acre and added it to Blackwater Falls State Park. Allegheny Wood Products, the timber company that owns about half of the Blackwater Canyon today, donated an additional {{convert|100|acre|km2}}.[13][14][15] In January 2002, Governor Bob Wise bought an additional {{convert|500|acre|km2}} along the river upstream of the falls from Allegheny Power and added them to the park.[16][17] Amenities and recreation
AccessibilityAccessibility for the disabled was assessed by West Virginia University. While the park lodge is generally accessible, the 2005 assessment indicated some issues with telephone volume control, the height of door knobs, and excessive slope of certain ramps.[18]{{Clear}}See also{{Portal|West Virginia}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite web|title=Blackwater Falls State Park|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/blackwater-falls-state-park|website=Protected Planet|publisher=IUCN|accessdate=30 April 2018}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wvstateparks.com/recreation/WVSP_facilities_grid.PDF|title=West Virginia State Parks and Forests At-a-Glance|publisher=West Virginia Division of Natural Resources|accessdate=May 11, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5fHBFhmDs?url=http://www.wvstateparks.com/recreation/WVSP_facilities_grid.PDF|archivedate=March 14, 2009|df=}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Where People and Nature Meet: A History of the West Virginia State Parks|publisher=Pictorial Histories Publishing Company|location=Charleston, West Virginia|date=April 1988|isbn=0-933126-91-3}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Kevin|title=Waterfalls of Virginia and West Virginia: A Hiking and Photography Guide|year=2002|publisher=Menasha Ridge Press|location=Birmingham, Alabama|page=217}} 5. ^The height of the Falls is between 57 feet (17 m) and {{convert|63|ft|m}}, depending on how it is measured. 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Fansler|first=Homer Floyd|title=History of Tucker County, West Virginia|year=1962|publisher=McClain Printing Company|location=Parsons, West Virginia}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Philip Pendleton|title=The Blackwater Chronicle, A narrative of an Expedition into the Land of Canaan in Randolph County, Virginia|year=1853|location=Redfield, New York}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last=Strother|first=David Hunter|date=December 1853|title=The Virginia Canaan|journal=Harper's New Monthly Magazine}} 9. ^It is probable that Strother was the discoverer of nearby Douglas Falls (at the head of the side canyon containing the North Fork Blackwater River), mistaking it for a time for the "Great Falls" itself. He later realized and corrected his mistake. 10. ^Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 10 installments, April 1872 to September 1875. 11. ^Davis, Rebecca Harding (1880), "By-Paths in The Mountains", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, July 1880. 12. ^"Services Arranged for Couple." Reading Eagle, 11 Jul. 1973: 56. Print. 13. ^{{cite news|title=Blackwater Canyon: Crites getting quite a deal|date=1999-12-03|publisher=Charleston Gazette|pages=4A}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Underwood deal preserves 6% of Blackwater land; $1.25 million proposal with Allegheny Wood gets state 177 acres of canyon |last=Ward|first=Ken, Jr.|date=2000-05-06|publisher=Charleston Gazette|page=1A}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Blackwater deal upsets parks chief, memo shows|last=Ward|first=Ken, Jr.|date=1999-12-01|publisher=Charleston Gazette|page=1A}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=Wise purchase to protect 500 acres at Blackwater; Governor says little else about environment|last=Ward|first=Ken, Jr.|date=2002-01-10|publisher=Charleston Gazette|page=6C}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Land protection moves slowly|last=Ward|first=Ken, Jr.|date=2002-01-13|page=6B|publisher=Charleston Gazette}} 18. ^Guide to Accessible Recreation and Travel in WV, WVU Center for Excellence in Disabilities web site, accessed July 31, 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720230618/http://www.cedwvu.org/programs/realchoice/recreation/ |date=July 20, 2006 }} Other sources
Footnotes{{reflist|group="NB"}}External links{{commons category|Blackwater Falls}}
8 : State parks of West Virginia|Protected areas of Tucker County, West Virginia|Waterfalls of West Virginia|Nature centers in West Virginia|Protected areas established in 1937|Campgrounds in West Virginia|Landforms of Tucker County, West Virginia|IUCN Category III |
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