| 词条 | Blennerhasset and Torpenhow |
| 释义 |
Blennerhasset and Torpenhow is a civil parish in the Allerdale district of Cumbria, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 437, reducing to 423 at the 2011 Census.[1] It includes the villages of Blennerhasset {{gbmapping|NY178415}} and Torpenhow at {{gbmappingsmall|NY202397}} and the smaller settlement of Kirkland Guards at {{gbmappingsmall|NY187401}}. The local pronunciation of Torpenhow is {{IPAc-en|t|r|ə|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|ə}}. Those living outside West Cumbria would use the more intuitive pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɔr|p|ən|h|aʊ}}. Blennerhasset is pronounced {{IPAc-en|b|l|ɛ|n|ˈ|r|eɪ|s|ɪ|t}} {{respell|blen|RAY|sit}} rather than the more intuitive {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|l|ɛ|n|ər|h|æ|s|ɪ|t}} {{respell|BLEN|ər|hass|it}}. A Roman fort[2] is situated on the old Roman Road between Old Carlisle {{gbmapping|NY263466}} and Papcastle {{gbmapping|NY109314}} Toponymy{{see|Torpenhow Hill}}Blennerhasset derives from the Old Norse heysætr 'hay shieling', which has been added to a British place-name containing 'blaen', 'top'. The '-er-' part in the middle " is best explained by Ekwall[3] on the supposition that the full first element corresponded to Welsh 'blaen-dre', 'hill farm' ".[4] Interpretations of Torpenhow have developed over time. In Place-Names of Cumberland (1950) Torpenhow was etymologized as "Tosti's howe" (with howe deriving from Old Norse haugr 'hill, mound'),[5] against a tradition identifying the name as an example of tautology in place-names, first proposed by Denton (1688).[6] Denton interpreted tor, pen and how as three elements all with the base meaning "hill".[7] Ekwall's Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names (4th ed. 1960) accepted Denton's torr+pen+howe etymology (against the 1950s "Tosti" proposal), but notes that torr+penn is not tautological. He expresses the idea of "top or breast of the hill", to which howe was added in a (single) tautology.[8] The most recent published etymology is the '"[r]ocky summit" to which was added "hill-spur"', the three elements of Torpenhow deriving from, Old English torr 'a rock, a rocky outcrop, a rocky peak', Primitive Welsh penn 'head, end, top, height, a hill', and Old English hōh 'a heel; a sharply projecting piece of ground'.[9] The local pronunciation of Torpenhow Village is {{IPAc-en|t|r|ə|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|ə}}, though the more intuitive pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɔr|p|ən|h|aʊ}} is also used.[10] Blennerhasset MillBlennerhasset Mill (at {{gbmapping|NY419185}}) is on the south bank of the River Ellen. Plans are in hand to re-establish the mill and make it energy neutral by having it produce its own energy from a rebuilt water wheel. See also{{Portal|Cumbria}}
References{{Commons category|Blennerhasset and Torpenhow}}1. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11120846&c=CA7+1HT&d=16&e=62&g=6411199&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1434736505884&enc=1|title=Parish population 2011|accessdate=19 June 2015}} 2. ^Roman Britain {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714101216/http://www.roman-britain.org/places/blennerhasset.htm |date=2007-07-14 }} 3. ^{{Cite book|last=Ekwall|first=Eilert|title=The place-names of Lancashire|location=Manchester|publisher=Chetham Society|year=1922}} 4. ^{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=A. M.|last2=Mawer|first2=A.|last3=Stenton|first3=F. M.|last4=Dickens|first4=B.|title=The place-names of Cumberland|volume=part 2|series=English Place-Name Society, vol.xxi|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1950|pages=265–66}} 5. ^Armstrong, 1950, p.266 6. ^Thomas Denton: A Perambulation of Cumberland, 1687-8, including descriptions of Westmorland, the Isle of Man and Ireland 7. ^Denton apprarently exaggerated the example to a "Torpenhow Hill", which would quadruple the "hill" element, but the existence of a toponym "Torpenhow Hill" is not substantiated. {{cite journal|title=The Debunking of Torpenhow Hill|url=http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4733&context=wordways|first=Darryl|authorlink=Darryl Francis|last= Francis|journal=Word Ways|volume=36|issue=1|year=2003|pages=6–8}} 8. ^the same etymology is also accepted y David Mills, 2011, A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Cumberland/Torpenhow%20and%20Whitrigg|title=Key to English Place-names|last=English|first=University of Nottingham - Institute of Name Studies School of|website=kepn.nottingham.ac.uk|access-date=2018-06-20}} 10. ^{{cite journal|title=The Debunking of Torpenhow Hill|url=http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4733&context=wordways|first=Darryl|authorlink=Darryl Francis|last= Francis|journal=Word Ways|volume=36|issue=1|year=2003|pages=6–8}} External links
3 : Civil parishes in Cumbria|Allerdale|Roman sites in Cumbria |
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