“Blue Brain Project”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Blue Brain, a Swiss national brain initiative, aims to create a digital reconstruction of the brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry. The mission of the project, founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, is to use biologically-detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain (brain simulation) to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function in health and disease.

The project is headed by the founding director Henry Markram, who also launched the European Human Brain Project, and co-directed by Felix Schürmann and Sean Hill. Using a Blue Gene supercomputer running Michael Hines's NEURON software, the simulation does not consist simply of an artificial neural network, but involves a biologically realistic model of neurons,^[1]^[2]^[3] and an empirically reconstructed model connectome. It is hoped that it will eventually shed light on the nature of consciousness.^[3]

There are a number of sub-projects, including the Cajal Blue Brain, coordinated by the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid (CeSViMa), and others run by universities and independent laboratories.

Goal

Neocortical column modelling

The initial goal of the project, completed in December 2006,^[4] was the simulation of a rat neocortical column, which is considered by some researchers to be the smallest functional unit of the neocortex^[5]^[6] (the part of the brain thought to be responsible for higher functions such as conscious thought). In humans, each column is about 2 mm in length, has a diameter of 0.5 mm and contains about 60,000 neurons; rat neocortical columns are very similar in structure but contain only 10,000 neurons (and 10⁸ synapses). Between 1995 and 2005, Markram mapped the types of neurons and their connections in such a column.

Progress

In November 2007,^[7] the project reported the end of the first phase, delivering a data-driven process for creating, validating, and researching the neocortical column.

By 2005, the first single cellular model was completed. The first artificial cellular neocortical column of 10,000 cells was built by 2008. By July 2011, a cellular mesocircuit of 100 neocortical columns with a million cells in total was built. A cellular rat brain is planned{{update after|2015|7|31}} for 2014 with 100 mesocircuits totalling a hundred million cells. Finally a cellular human brain is predicted possible by 2023 equivalent to 1000 rat brains with a total of a hundred billion cells.^[8]^[9]

Now that the column is finished, the project is currently busying itself with the publishing of initial results in scientific literature, and pursuing two separate goals:

In 2015, scientists at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) developed a quantitative model of the previously unknown relationship between the glial cell astrocytes and neurons. This model describes the energy management of the brain through the function of the neuro-glial vascular unit (NGV). The additional layer of neuron-glial cells is being added to Blue Brain Project models to improve functionality of the system.^[10]

Recently,Blue Brain Project releases first-ever digital 3D brain cell atlas:- The Blue Brain Cell Atlas is like 'going from hand-drawn maps to Google Earth' -- providing previously unavailable information on major cell types, numbers and positions in all 737 brain regions. This comprehensive, interactive and dynamic online resource allows anyone to visualize every region in the mouse brain, cell-by-cell and in 3D, and freely download data for new analyses and modelling. It can also be continuously be updated with new findings.^[11]

Funding

The project is funded primarily by the Swiss government and the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Flagship grant from the European Commission,^[12] and secondarily by grants and some donations from private individuals. The EPFL bought the Blue Gene computer at a reduced cost because at that stage it was still a prototype and IBM was interested in exploring how different applications would perform on the machine. BBP was viewed a validation of the Blue Gene supercomputer concept.^[13]

Documentary

A 10-part documentary is being made by film director Noah Hutton, with each installment detailing the year-long workings of the project at the EPFL. Having started filming in 2009, the documentary is planned to be released in 2020, after the years of filming and editing have finished. Regular contributions from Henry Markram and the rest of the team provide an insight into the Blue Brain Project, while similar research tasks across the world are touched on.^[14]

Cajal Blue Brain (Spain)

The Cajal Blue Brain^[15] is coordinated by the Technical University of Madrid and uses the facilities of the Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid and its supercomputer Magerit. The Cajal Institute also participates in this collaboration. The main lines of research currently being pursued at Cajal Blue Brain include neurological experimentation and computer simulations. Nanotechnology, in the form of a newly designed brain microscope, plays an important role in its research plans.^[16]

See also

Notes and references

1. ^¹Graham-Rowe, Duncan. [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7470--mission-to-build-a-simulated-brain-begins.html "Mission to build a simulated brain begins"], NewScientist, June 2005.
2. ^Palmer, Jason. Simulated brain closer to thought, BBC News.
3. ^¹{{cite web|last=Segev|first=Idan|title=ASC 2012: Prof. Idan Segev - The blue brain|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBTjIGI44Tk|work=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|accessdate=31 May 2013}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/Jahia/site/bluebrain/op/edit/pid/19085|title=Project Milestones|work=Blue Brain|accessdate=2008-08-11}}
5. ^{{cite journal| pmc=1569491 | pmid=15937015 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1623 | volume=360 | title=The cortical column: a structure without a function | date=April 2005 | journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. | pages=837–62 | last1 = Horton | first1 = JC | last2 = Adams | first2 = DL}}
6. ^Author: Rakic, P. | Journal: National Academy of Sciences |105[34] | pp: 12099-12100 | web: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/34/12099.full
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18700.html|title=News and Media information|work=Blue Brain|accessdate=2008-08-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919051656/http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18700.html|archivedate=2008-09-19|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kurzweilai.net/henry-markram-simulating-the-brain-next-decisive-years|title=Henry Markram: Simulating the brain; the next decisive years, video [3/3] 07:00|accessdate=2011-08-29}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cn_gEoQ8nQI#!|title=Henry Markram: Simulating the brain; the next decisive years - 07:00|accessdate=2011-08-29}}
10. ^Multi-timescale Modeling of Activity-Dependent Metabolic Coupling in the Neuron-Glia-Vasculature Ensemble. PLOS Computational Biology, 2015. http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004036
11. ^Science-Daily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128082718.htm
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/news/billion-euro-brain-simulation-and-graphene-projects-win-european-funds-1.12291|title=Billion-euro brain simulation and graphene projects win European funds|work=Nature, January 23, 2012}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://technology-report.com/2009/01/blue-brain-project-ibm-has-not-withdrawn-support/|title=Blue Brain Project - IBM has not withdrawn support|work=Henry Markram, Project Director as quoted by IBM Switzerland to Technology Report on January 19, 2009| accessdate=2009-04-14}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://bluebrainfilm.com/bb/|title= Blue Brain Film Information}}
15. ^{{cite web|url= http://cajalbbp.cesvima.upm.es |title=Cajal Blue Brain Project |accessdate=2011-01-07}}
16. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=11626 |title=Nanotechnology Microscope for Brain Studies |accessdate=2011-01-07}}