1. Taxonomy

2. Description

3. Ecology and behavior
     Voice    Feeding    Breeding    Predation  

4. Distribution and habitat

5. Threats and protection

6. Footnotes

7. Citations

8. Bibliography

9. External links

The blue nuthatch (Sitta azurea) is a bird species in the Sittidae family, collectively known as nuthatches. It is a medium-sized nuthatch, measuring {{convert|13.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. The species, which lacks sexual dimorphism, has dramatic coloration unlike any other member of its genus. Its head is black or blackish-blue dark blue upper parts close to purple with azure feathers. The wings are edged with black. The throat and chest are white or a washed buff color, contrasting with the upper and the belly of a very dark blue; the feathers are generally clear, blue-gray or purplish.

The blue nuthatch is found in the Malay Peninsula and in Indonesia, on the islands of Sumatra and Java, inhabiting subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests above {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} in altitude. Its ecology is poorly known, but it feeds on small invertebrates found on trees; reproduction takes place from April to June or July.

Three subspecies are distinguished: S. a. expectata, S. a. nigriventer and S. a. azurea, which vary chiefly in the coloring of their mantles, chests and bellies. The species' apparent closest relatives are the velvet-fronted nuthatch (S. frontalis), the yellow-billed nuthatch (S. solangiae) and the sulphur-billed nuthatch (S. oenochlamys). The population of the species has not been rigorously estimated but the species appears to be at low risk of extinction because of the extent of its distribution. It has been classified as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Taxonomy

The nuthatches constitute a genus – Sitta – of small passerine birds belonging to the family Sittidae,^[2] typified by short, compressed wings and short, square 12-feathered tails, a compact body, longish pointed bills, strong toes with long claws, and behaviorally, by their unique head-first manner of descending tree trunks. Most nuthatches have gray or bluish upperparts and a black eyestripe.^[3][4] Sitta is derived from the Ancient Greek name for nuthatches, {{lang|grc|σίττη}}, sittē.^[5]{{sfn|Matthysen|2010|page=4}} "Nuthatch", first recorded in 1350, is derived from "nut" and a word probably related to "hack", since these birds hack at nuts they have wedged into crevices.^[6] The genus may be further divided into seven subgenera,{{Cref2|fn. 1}} of which the blue nuthatch is placed alone in Poecilositta (Buturlin 1916).{{sfn|Matthysen|2010|page=269–270}}

The blue nuthatch was first described in 1830 under its current binomial name, Sitta azurea, by the French naturalist René Primevère Lesson (1794–1849).^[7][8] In 2006, ornithologist Edward C. Dickinson proposed a revision of the nuthatch genus, in which certain species would be split off into separate genera, based on distinct morphological traits. He suggested as candidates the velvet-fronted nuthatch (Sitta frontalis) and the blue nuthatch, the morphology of which he describes as "rather aberrant ... in spite of a character trait (white edges to wing feathers) shared with Sitta formosa", and that doing so might, in turn, require S. Formosa (the beautiful nuthatch) to be split off as well. He stated, however, that a molecular study would be warranted prior to any re-classification.^[9]

• Weakly-supported clade
  • {{Tree list/branching}}
  • {{Tree list/branching}}
  • Brown-headed nuthatch (S. pusilla)
  • {{Tree list/final branch}} Pygmy nuthatch (S. pygmaea)
  • {{Tree list/final branch }} canadensis group
  • {{Tree list/final branching}}
  • Blue nuthatch (S. azurea)
  • {{Tree list/final branching}}
  • Velvet-fronted nuthatch (S. frontalis)
  • {{Tree list/final branch}} Sulphur-billed nuthatch (S. oenochlamys)

In 2014, Eric Pasquet, et al. published a phylogeny based on examination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of 21 nuthatch species.{{Cref2|fn. 2}} The position of the blue nuthatch within the genus was not established with certainty, having a far lower statistical association than many others in the model. Nevertheless, under the findings the species appears best represented by a clade comprising the velvet-fronted nuthatch and the sulphur-billed nuthatch (S. oenochlamys), and probably the yellow-billed nuthatch (S. solangiae), despite not being in the study's sample group. These tropical Asian nuthatches are themselves a sister clade to one comprising the subgenus Sitta (Micrositta) (sometimes called the canadensis group), plus the brown-headed nuthatch (S. pusilla) and the pygmy nuthatch (S. pygmaea).

The blue nuthatch has three recognized subspecies:^[10]

• S. a. expectata (Hartert, 1914), described in 1914 by German ornithologist Ernst Hartert as Callisitta azurea expectata from a holotype taken in the Malay Peninsula's Semangko Pass in Pahang;^[11] it is also found in Sumatra;^[12]
• S. a. nigriventer (Robinson & Kloss, 1919), described in 1919 by British zoologists Herbert Christopher Robinson and Cecil Boden Kloss as Poliositta azurea nigriventer from a holotype taken at Mount Gede^[13] in West Java, Indonesia.^[12] British ornithologist William Swainson had described the subspecies under the name dendrophila flavipes in 1838, but the name was subsequently little used, and can be considered a nomen oblitum ("forgotten name");^[14]
• S. a. azurea (Lesson, 1830), the nominate subspecies, was described in 1830 by René-Primevère Lesson^[7] from a specimen possibly taken on the Arjuno-Welirang stratovolcano; inhabits central and eastern Java.^[12]

Description

The appearance of the blue nuthatch differs significantly from all other nuthatches. The three taxa of the species, nominate S. Azurra and two other subspecies, vary predominantly in the coloring of their mantles, chests and bellies. All are broadly black and white{{sfn|Harrap|1996|pages=48–49}} – especially when viewed in low light conditions in which their dark blue coloring is not apparent – but their upper plumage is shot through with dramatic notes of cobalt, azure and other lighter shades of blue, as well as grays and purples. The head is black, or blackish-blue with a broad, pale blue eye ring.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|pages=168–169}}^[15]

The upper parts are dark blue at the mantle or purplish in some subspecies. The retrices (flight feathers) are pale blue in the middle, with a black border and contrast sharply with the dark areas of the coat. The throat and breast are white, or washed buff, especially in subspecies S. a. nigriventer. The belly and abdomen are blackish, contrasting with blue-gray or purplish coverts. The bill is lavender, slightly tinged with green, and black at the tip; the legs are a pale blue-gray and the claws are slate or black.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|pages=168–169}}^[15]

There is no significant sexual dimorphism, but Japanese ornithologist Nagamichi Kuroda describes the female as having slightly duller upper parts. Juveniles are similar to adults, but with the crown and ear coverts duller, and having a brown cast. The belly is a dull black and the undertail coverts are variably edged a creamy white. The juvenile's bill is blackish, with a pink base. Adults experience a partial moult before the breeding season (February–March for S. expectata; March–April for S. azurea) involving the throat, chest and mantle; a complete moult takes place after the breeding season (March–April and August in Java in Malaysia).{{sfn|Harrap|1996|pages=168–169}}

The species is of medium size compared with other nuthatches, measuring {{convert|13.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. The folded wing measures {{convert|75|-|83|mm|in|abbr=on}} in males and {{convert|75|-|85|mm|in|abbr=on}} in females. The tail is {{convert|41|-|45|mm|in|abbr=on}} in males and from {{convert|39.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} to {{convert|46|mm|in|abbr=on}} in females. The beak measures from {{convert|16.1|-|17.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length, and the tarsus {{convert|15|-|18|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The weight is not known,{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=169}} but may be comparable to the Algerian nuthatch (Sitta ledanti), which also measures {{convert|13.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and weighs between {{convert|16.6|g|oz|abbr=on}} and {{convert|18|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|pages=135–138}}

The only nuthatch sharing its range is the velvet-fronted nuthatch, which completely covers the distribution of the blue nuthatch, but these two species are not easily confused.

Ecology and behavior

Voice

The vocal repertoire of the blue nuthatch is quite varied and is reminiscent of the velvet-fronted nuthatch and, to a lesser extent, the sulphur-billed nuthatch. According to the Handbook of the Birds of the World, blue nuthatch vocalizations include: "a mellow "tup" or "tip", an abrupt "whit", a thin sibilant "sit" and a fuller, harder and more emphatic "chit"; in excitement "sit" and "chit" notes [are] often given in short rapid repetitions, "chi-chit, chit-chit-chit" or "chir-ri-rit", which can be extended into [a] fast series, accelerating into staccato trilling "tititititititik", or even become a winding rattle, "tr-r-r-r-r-r-t". Also thin, squeaking "zhe" and "zhe-zhe", and nasal "snieu" or "kneu" (like the sound of squeaky toy); [the] flight call [is] a buzzy "chirr-u"."^[3]

Feeding

The blue nuthatch is very active, often seen running in pairs,^[16] in larger groups, or mingling in mixed-species foraging flocks.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}} It feeds on invertebrates, of which some have been particularly identified as common in its diet, including species of Trachypholis Zopheridae beetles, typical click beetle (of the family Elateridae), leaf beetles (in the subfamily Eumolpinae) and spiders and moth caterpillars.^[17] It typically forages for prey in the upper half of large trees, and occasionally in smaller trees.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}} While prospecting on tree trunks, the bird protects its corneas from falling bark and other debris by contracting the bare skin around its eyes – an adaptation apparently unique to the species.^[18]

Breeding

Reproduction in the species has not been extensively studied. The nest is made in a small tree hole in which it lays three to four dirty-white eggs, washed in lavender and densely speckled with reddish-brown and gray, that measure {{convert|19.3|x|13.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}. In Peninsular Malaysia, juveniles just reaching maturity were observed in late June; on the island of Java, the breeding season takes place from April to July, and on Sumatra an adult feeding its young was observed on May 9.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}}

Predation

Little has been specifically reported on blue nuthatch predators, but one individual was seen to freeze during the passage of a prospecting black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis).^[16]

Distribution and habitat

This species lives in the Malay Peninsula (in extreme southern Thailand and northern Malaysia) and in Indonesia on the islands of Sumatra and Java.^[1][12] In Malaysia, the species has been observed in Bukit Larut, in the state of Perak, in the Titiwangsa Mountains, in southern Hulu Langat, in the state of Selangor, as well as some isolated populations on the slopes of the massive Mount Benom in the state of Pahang, on Mount Tahan located at the Pahang-Kelantan border, on mount Rabong in Kelantan and at Mount Padang in the Sultanate of Terengganu.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}}

In Sumatra, the bird is found throughout the Barisan Mountains, and has been observed in the Gayo Highlands of Aceh province, the Batak Highlands of northern Sumata, and at Dempo in the south of the island.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}} In a 1918 expedition by Robinson and Kloss, they commented: "from the commencement of heavy jungle on the valley slopes up to about 8,000 feet on Korinchi Peak this strikingly coloured little Nuthatch was very common, feeding on tall tree trunks in parties of six or seven."^[19]

The blue nuthatch is typically found on mountains, inhabiting subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. In Malaysia, it is found from {{convert|1,070|m|ft|abbr=on}} to the highest point in the country at {{convert|2,186|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In Sumatra, the species has been reported at an altitudinal range of between {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}} and {{convert|2,400|m|ft|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}} and on Java, between {{convert|915|m|ft|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2,745|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Ornithologist John MacKinnon has reported some rare sighting at lower altitudes on the plains of Java.

Threats and protection

The blue nuthatch is a common bird in Sumatra, including in the area of Kerinci Seblat National Park^[19] and relatively common in Malaysia and Java.{{sfn|Harrap|1996|page=168}} It has a very wide distribution area, approaching {{convert|361,000|km2|abbr=on}}.^[20] The population has not been rigorously estimated but is considered significant and at low risk, despite BirdLife International's observation that some decline is likely (but not as yet confirmed) due to known destruction and fragmentation of areas the species is known to inhabit.^[20] The blue nuthatch is placed in the category of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.^[1]

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Harrap|first=Simon|others=Illustrated by David Quinn|title=Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers|year=1996|editor=Christopher Helm |isbn=978-0-7136-3964-3}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Matthysen|first=Erik|others=Illustrated by David Quinn|title=The Nuthatches|publisher=A & C Black |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4081-2870-1}}

External links

• Closeup of nominate Sitta Azurea at the Internet Bird Collection

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