| 词条 | Blue-throated piping guan |
| 释义 |
| name = Blue-throated piping guan | image = Pipile cumanensis (Denver Zoo)2.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Pipile | species = cumanensis | authority = (Jacquin, 1784) | synonyms =
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = 2 sspp., see text }} The blue-throated piping guan (Pipile cumanensis) is a South American bird of the family Cracidae that is somewhat similar in appearance to the turkey. Composition, range and habitatThere are two subspecies—P. c. cumanensis and P. c. grayi. P. c. cumanensis (Jacquin, 1784) is found from the Guyanas, the Orinoco river in Venezuela, and southeastern Colombia south to northwestern (Amazonian) Brazil and southeastern Peru. There and possibly in northern Bolivia it intergrades with the bigger P. c. grayi (Pelzeln, 1870) (Gray's piping guan), which continues through northern and central Bolivia, Mato Grosso (state of Brazil), and northern and eastern Paraguay.[2] This species occurs locally in forests: in Colombia and Venezuela, humid lowland forests (occasionally as high as 1000 m) whether seasonally flooded or not, and riparian forests. It especially favors the edges where the forest meets open land or a river.[3][4] DescriptionThe blue-throated piping guan is described as "oddly 'prehistoric' (reptilian)" but "handsome".[3] It averages {{convert|69|cm|abbr=on}} long, including its neck and tail, both long, the neck and head disproportionately thin and small, the tail disproportionately big. Most of the plumage is black with a greenish gloss—blue-green in cumanensis, olive in grayi. It has a large white patch on each wing, white flecks on the wing coverts and chest, a white patch over the eye, and a white or buffy-white nape (and upper neck in grayi). Both subspecies have a short white or buffy-white crest; in cumanensis it is shaggy and nearly solid-colored; in grayi it is hairier, and the feather shafts are black, appearing as streaks. The bill is baby-blue at the base and cobalt-blue at the tip. Both subspecies have blue bare flesh on the throat with a wattle in cumanensis and a hanging caruncle in grayi. The legs are red.[2][3][4] During the breeding season it is noisy. At dawn it gives a "piping" call of 6 or so slow high-pitched, clear whistles, "slightly ascending in pitch, püüeee, püüeee, püüeee,…", reminiscent of the scale-backed antbird. Its flight display, at dawn or in the daytime, includes "2 quick wing-claps (often barely audible), then 2 whirring rattles with wings," the second seeming to reverse the first as in shuffling cards (Colombia and Venezuela). At other seasons it is usually silent.[3] BehaviorThis species occurs in pairs during the breeding season and bigger groups, as many as 12, at other times. It walks nimbly or hops with help from its wings in the canopy or sub-canopy of the forest, especially in trees with flowers or fruit that it eats. To cross clearings it sets off with fast wingbeats and then glides, giving another flurry of wingbeats if needed to maintain its height. Where not hunted it is fairly common and easy to see.[3][4] Little is known about its reproduction. In Colombia it has been observed in breeding condition in February and laying eggs in May. One nest was built of twigs in thick vegetation in the canopy and contained three yellowish-white eggs.[4] TaxonomyInstead of a species, the blue-throated piping guan is sometimes considered to be two subspecies of Pipile pipile,[2][3][4] a name that is here restricted to the Trinidad piping guan. Authorities disagree, as does recent evidence. A genetic study suggests a split,[5] but free interbreeding between this species (grayi) and the red-throated piping guan in eastern Bolivia, creating a "hybrid swarm", suggests a lump.[6] ==References== 1. ^{{Cite journal | author = BirdLife International | title = Pipile cumanensis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2016 | page = e.T22727323A94946598 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2016 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22727323/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727323A94946598.en | access-date = 13 January 2018}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Blake | first = Emmet R. | year = 1977 | title = Manual of Neotropical Birds. Volume 1: Spheniscidae (Penguins) to Laridae (Gulls and Allies) | publisher = University of Chicago Press | page = 416 | isbn = 0-226-05641-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YP0AX3LW8jYC&pg=RA2-PA416&dq=pipile+grayi&ei=YYYZR_m7G6jA7AKohdWTBQ&sig=1VYy74uUZzrXJsM_TAnScStvTJo | accessdate = 2007-10-20}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book | last = Hilty | first = Steven L. | year = 2003 | title = Birds of Venezuela | publisher = Princeton University Press | pages = 261–262 | isbn = 0-691-09250-8 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | last = Hilty | first = Steven L. |author2=Brown, William L. | year = 1986 | title = A Guide to the Birds of Colombia | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 0-691-08371-1 | pages = 66 | url = https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN069108372X | accessdate = 2007-10-20}} 5. ^Grau, Erwin T.; Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Höfling, Elizabeth & Wanjtal, Anita (2005): Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans (Aves: Galliformes): Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of Aburria Reichenbach, 1853. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217155416/http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/MPE2005.pdf |date=2008-12-17 }} (pdf) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 637-645. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.004}} 6. ^del Hoyo, Josep; Motis, Anna, updated chapter in {{cite book | last = Delacour | first = Jean |author2=Amadon, Dean |authorlink2=Dean Amadon | year = 2004 | title = Curassows and Related Birds | publisher = Lynx Edicions in association with the American Museum of Natural History | pages = 321–476 | isbn = 84-87334-64-4}} Cited by Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 20 October 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302073659/http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html |date=March 2, 2009 }} External links{{Commons category|Pipile cumanensis}}
8 : Pipile|Birds of the Amazon Basin|Birds of the Colombian Amazon|Birds of the Venezuelan Amazon|Birds of the Ecuadorian Amazon|Birds of the Peruvian Amazon|Birds of the Guianas|Birds described in 1784 |
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