| 词条 | Boer foreign volunteers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|unit_name= Boer foreign volunteers |image= Boer-war-volunteers from Finland&Scandinavia.jpg |image_size= 350px |caption= After the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway and the Russian Empire contributed the second largest number of Boer foreign volunteers in the Second Boer War, from a 1901 photograph of a group of commandos in the Scandinavian Corps |dates= 1899–1902 |country= {{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}} - Dutch Corps United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Scandinavian Corps (Skandinaviens Korps) Grand Duchy of Finland - Scandinavian Corps (Skandinaviens Korps) German Empire - German Corps (Deutsches Korps) and Polish volunteers France - Legion of France United States - Irish American volunteers in American Scouts Austria-Hungary - Polish, Hungarian volunteers Kingdom of Italy - Italian Volunteer LegionIreland - Irish Transvaal Brigade and Second Irish Brigade Russian Empire - Russian Scouts and Polish volunteers Kingdom of Greece - Greek volunteers in Second Irish Brigade Kingdom of Belgium - Belgian volunteers {{flagu|Australia}} (from 1901){{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales (1899–1901){{flagicon|Queensland}} Queensland (1899–1901)South Australia (1899–1901) {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania (1899–1901){{flagicon|Victoria}} Victoria (1899–1901)Western Australia (1899–1901) |allegiance= {{flag|Orange Free State}} {{flag|South African Republic}} Cape Boers |branch= Boer Army - Boer foreign volunteers |type= Commandos |role= Guerilla warfare, scouting, explosives handling |size= 5,400+ |command_structure= |garrison= |garrison_label= |nickname= |patron= |motto= |colors= |colors_label= |march= |mascot= |equipment= |equipment_label= |battles= Second Boer War |anniversaries= |decorations= |battle_honours= |commander1= |commander1_label= |commander2= |commander2_label= |commander3= |commander3_label= |notable_commanders= }} Boer foreign volunteers were participants who volunteered their military services to the Boers in the Second Boer War. OriginAlthough there was much sympathy for the Boer cause outside of the British Empire, there was little overt government support as countries were not willing to upset the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. As a result, no other government actively supported the Boer cause. There were, however, individuals from several countries who volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These volunteers primarily came from Europe, particularly the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden-Norway. Other countries such as France, Italy, Ireland (then wholly part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the Russian Empire, including Poland and Georgia, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps. RecruitmentThe influx of foreigners into the country began simultaneously with the war, and it continued thereafter at the rate of about four hundred men a month.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} These volunteers would have come for a number of reasons, not necessarily because of any sympathy with the Boer cause, including soldiers-of-fortune, professional soldiers and adventurers. Some of the more famous volunteers were: Ernest Douwes Dekker, Camillo Ricchiardi, Niko the Boer (Niko Bagrationi), Yevgeny Avgustus, {{ill|Witold Ścibor-Rylski|pl|Witold Ścibor-Rylski|WD=Q9375909}}, Alexander Guchkov, Leo Pokrowsky, Major Baron von Reitzenstein, Viscount Villebois-Mareuil and the men of the two Irish commandos, the Irish Transvaal Brigade of John MacBride and John Blake, and the Second Irish Brigade of Arthur Alfred Lynch. None of the foreigners who served in the armies of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State received any compensation. They were supplied with horses, equipment, and food from the Transvaal government, but no wages. Before a foreign volunteer was allowed to join a commando, and before he received his equipment, he was obliged to take an oath of allegiance to the Transvaal Republic. A translation of it reads: I hereby make an oath of solemn allegiance to the people of the South African Republic, and I declare my willingness to assist, with all my power, the burghers of this Republic in the war in which they are engaged. I further promise to obey the orders of those placed in authority according to law, and that I will work for nothing but the prosperity, the welfare, and the independence of the land and people of this Republic, so truly help me, God Almighty. Second Anglo-Boer WarAt the time of the war, the Boers did not have the resources to record statistics about their forces. The statistics available were mainly collected by foreigners and by the testimony of the commanders. Table of foreign volunteers in the Second Anglo-Boer War[1]
In the early stages of the war the majority of the foreign volunteers were obliged to join a Boer commando. Later they formed their own foreign legions with a high degree of independence, including the: Scandinavian Corps (Skandinaviens Korps), Italian Volunteer Legion, two Irish Brigades, German Corps (Deutsches Korps), Dutch Corps, Legion of France, American Scouts and Russian Scouts. Foreign volunteer unitsDutch CorpsScandinavian CorpsThe Scandinavian Corps were led by Christer Uggla.[https://www.angloboerwar.com/unit-information/boer-units/179-foreign-corps/1955-scandinavian-corps] German CorpsAdolf Schiel led the German Corps.Legion of France{{further|Battle of Boshof}}However, the free rein given to the foreign legions was eventually curtailed after George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil and his small band of Frenchmen met with disaster at Boshof, and thereafter all the foreigners were placed under the direct command of General De la Rey. American ScoutsThe American Scouts were led by John Hassell. Italian Volunteer LegionThe Italian Volunteer Legion of Camillo Ricchiardi[4] carried out the capture of an armoured train near Chieveley, Natal. Among the passengers who were taken prisoner was the young journalist Winston Churchill, whose life Ricchiardi spared by pretending not to see him dumping his pistol and dum-dum ammunition which had been declared unlawful on pain of death.[5] Irish Traansval Brigade{{further|Irish commandos#Irish_Transvaal_Brigade}}Second Irish Brigade{{further|Irish commandos#Second_commando}}Russian volunteersOne of the countries where enthusiasm for the Boer cause was the greatest was Russia, where the war was extensively covered by the Russian media and numerous books, articles, plays, pamphlets and poems were published about the war, usually with a pronounced pro-Boer slant.[6] One Russian writer complained: "Wherever you go these days you hear the same story – the Boers, the Boers and only the Boers".[6] The national anthem of the Transvaal Transvaal, Transvaal, My Country was frequently played by Russian orchestras, numerous committees were founded to collect money for the Transvaal, and church services offered up prayers for a British defeat.[6] In countless newspaper serials and novels, the men of the kommandos were portrayed as heroes battling the arrogant British.[6] Such was the popular enthusiasm that inns, restaurants, and cafés were given Afrikaans names and redecorated in the "Boer style" to improve business.[6] The works of the novelist Olive Schreiner were frequently translated into Russian as her books become very popular after she condemned the British.[6] The novelist Leo Tolstoy wrote in his diary: "You know what point I’ve reached? Opening a paper every morning I passionately wish to read that the Boers have beaten the British...I should not rejoice at the victories of the Boers or grieve about their defeats, after all they kill the English soldiers too...I am glad when I read about the defeats of the British, it cheers my soul."[6] The Emperor Nicholas II wrote to his sister: "I am wholly preoccupied with the war between England and the Transvaal. Every day I read the news in the British newspapers from the first to the last line...I cannot conceal my joy at...yesterday’s news that during General White’s sally two full British battalions and a mountain battery were captured by the Boers!"[6] As Britain was Russia's principle antagonist in the 19th century, many Russians naturally sympathised with the Boers."[6] The British historian R.W. Johnson wrote: "Russian conservatives were pro-Boer not only for the usual nationalist, anti-British reasons but because they thought the Boers were like the best sort of Russians – conservative, rural, Christian folk resisting the invasion of their land by foreign (especially Jewish) capitalists."[6] One conservative Moscow newspaper in an editorial stated: "The deep historical meaning of this war is that faith, patriotism . . . the patriarchal family, primordial tribal unity, iron discipline and the complete lack of so-called modern civilisation have . . . become such an invincible force that even the seemingly invincible British have begun to tremble."[6] The Georgian Prince Niko Bagration was in Paris when the war began in October 1899 and despite never having heard of the Transvaal before, recalled thinking "but it felt very much like my motherland and I felt I must protect it."[6] Prince Bagration was greeted in Pretoria by President Paul Kruger of the Transvaal.[6] Yevgeny Maximov, a former officer in the Imperial Russian Army whose career had ended in disgrace after he attempted suicide, volunteered to fight for the Transvaal, in an attempt to extirpate his disgrace.[6] Johnson called Maximov a tragic figure as his dishonorable discharge from the Russian Army owning to his suicide attempt marked him out as a man whose honor could never be redeemed, leading Maximov to volunteer in successive wars in attempts to prove his courage to the world and restore his lost honor.[6] Maximov had previously fought with the Serbs against the Ottomans in 1876-78 and with the Ethiopians against the Italians in 1895-96.[6] Maximov, an excellent horseman and marksman became renowned with the Boers due to his bravery under fire, and was thanked by Kruger in a telegram after the war for showing outstanding courage in combat.[6] Kruger believed that Maximov was representing Nicholas and took him into his confidence, believing that Maximov had the power to make Russia intervene in the war.[6] Some of the Russian volunteers were men of the left like Prince Mikhail Yengalychev, Ivan Zabolotny and Alexander Essen with the latter becoming a Bolshevik who ended his career as the deputy chairman of the Russian State Planning Committee in the 1920s.[6] The leftist Russians volunteered for the Transvaal because it was seen as standing up to British imperialism.[6] However, through several hundred Russians who did make their way to fight for the Transvaal, upon arriving they were often shocked by the corruption of the Transvaal government, its state of disorganization, and the casual brutality of the Afrikaners towards blacks.[6] One Russian volunteer, Yevgeny Augustus, wrote that the Transvaal had become "a paradise for adventurers and rogues of all kinds" as thousands of men from all over the world, many of them disreputable, arrived in the Transvaal to fight in the war.[6] The majority of the Russians who fought for the Transvaal were Russian Jews who come before the war to take advantage of the booming economic conditions caused by the Witwatersrand Gold Rush.[6] The largest Jewish population in the Russian Empire was the "Pale of Settlement" which consisted of what is now modern central and eastern Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, western and central Ukraine and Moldova, so most the "Russian" Jews in the Transvaal did not come from what is now modern Russia. Many of the Russian volunteers who arrived after the war started were antisemitic and refused to serve alongside the Jews already living in the Transvaal who volunteered to fight for their adopted country, leading to the two groups being segregated.[6] Benzion Aaron, a Russian Jewish financier living in Johannesburg who was a friend of President Kruger founded the Jewish Ambulance Corps to take care of the wounded.[6] Two Russian Jewish volunteers, Josef Segal and Wolf Jacobson were renowned for their skills as scouts.[6] Greek volunteersAustralian volunteersWhile the vast majority of people involved from British Empire countries fought with the British Army, a few Australians fought on the Boer side.[7] The most famous of these was Colonel Arthur Lynch,[8] formerly of Ballarat,[9] who raised the Second Irish Brigade.{{efn|Lynch is a character in a Boer War novel, Antony O'Brien, Bye-Bye Dolly Gray (2006).}} Lynch, charged with treason was sentenced to death, by the British, for his service with the Boers. After mass petitioning and intervention by King Edward VII, he was released a year later and pardoned in 1907. Notable foreign volunteers
Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^{{cite book|last=Hillegas|first=Howard C.|title=With the Boer Forces|year=1900|publisher=Methuen & Co.|location=London|page=257|url=https://archive.org/details/withtheboerforce16462gut|chapter=Chapter IX - Foreigners in the War}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boer Foreign Volunteers}}2. ^https://www.angloboerwar.com/unit-information/boer-units/179-foreign-vols/1955-scandinavian-vols 3. ^{{Cite book|title=A Russian Fighting for the Boer Cause|last=Avgustus|first=Yevgeny|publisher=South African Military History Society|year=2016|isbn=978-0-620-70253-9|location=Johannesburg|pages=5}} 4. ^Page of the South African Military History Society on the Italian participation in the Anglo-Boer War 5. ^Short biography of Riccardi with details of Churchill's capture (in Italian and English) 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{cite web |last = Johnson |first = R.W. |title = Rogue’s Paradise |work = |publisher = London Review of Books |date = 16 July 1998 |url = https://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n14/rw-johnson/rogues-paradise |doi = |accessdate = 2018-11-12}} 7. ^Boer War 8. ^Craig Wilcox, (2002) Australia's Boer War, pp. 263–266. (a critical exposé of Lynch's activities) 9. ^R.L. Wallace, Australians at the Boer War (1976) pp. 381–383, (a summary of Lynch's exploits in the Boer War) 3 : Expatriate units and formations|Second Boer War|Military units and formations of the Second Boer War |
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