“Brandeis University”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Brandeis University {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|æ|n|d|aɪ|s}} is an American private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts, 9 miles (14 km) west of Boston.^[6]^[7] Founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community, Brandeis was established on the site of the former Middlesex University.^[8] The university is named after Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish Justice of the U.S Supreme Court.

In 2017, it had a total enrollment of 5,722 students on its suburban campus spanning over {{convert|235|acre|ha|abbr=off}}.^[4] The institution offers more than 43 majors and 46 minors, and two thirds of the undergraduate classes have 20 students or fewer.^[9] It is a member of Association of American Universities since 1985 and the Boston Consortium which allows students to cross-register to attend courses at other institutions including Boston College, Boston University and Tufts University.^[10]^[11]

The university has a strong liberal arts focus, and is known to attract a geographically and economically diverse student body, with 72% of its non-international undergraduates being out state, 50% of full-time undergraduates receiving need-based financial aid, 13.5% being recipients of the federal Pell Grant, and having the 8th largest international student population of any university in the United States.^[9]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Brandeis was tied for 28th among all private national universities, 35th among all colleges and universities in the United States, and 29th in "best value" schools in the U.S. News & World Report rankings.^[15] In 2018, Niche recognized Brandeis as the 9th most diverse college or university in the country, based on socioeconomic, geographic, and ethnic diversity of students and professors.^[16] The university is also highly regarded for its social sciences and government programs, with the Heller School, ranked as one of the top 10 policy schools in the United States.^[17] Alumni and affiliates include Albert Einstein and former First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt, Nobel Prize laureate Roderick MacKinnon, as well as foreign heads of state, congressmen, governors and diplomats, and recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, Academy Award, Emmy Award, the MacArthur Fellowship, as well as many other awards.^[18]

History

Founding

Middlesex University was a medical school located in Waltham, Massachusetts, that was at the time the only medical school in the United States that did not impose a quota on Jews. The founder, Dr. John Hall Smith, died in 1944. Smith's will stipulated that the school should go to any group willing to use it to establish a non-sectarian university.^[19] Within two years, Middlesex University was on the brink of financial collapse. The school had not been able to secure accreditation by the American Medical Association, which Smith partially attributed to institutional antisemitism in the American Medical Association,^[20] and, as a result, Massachusetts had all but shut it down.

Dr. Smith's son, C. Ruggles Smith, was desperate for a way to save something of Middlesex University. He learned of a New York committee headed by Dr. Israel Goldstein that was seeking a campus to establish a Jewish-sponsored secular university. Smith approached Goldstein with a proposal to give the Middlesex campus and charter to Goldstein's committee, in the hope that his committee might "possess the apparent ability to reestablish the School of Medicine on an approved basis." While Goldstein was concerned about being saddled with a failing medical school, he was excited about the opportunity to secure a {{convert|100|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} "campus not far from New York, the premier Jewish community in the world, and only {{convert|9|mi|km}} from Boston, one of the important Jewish population centers."^[20] Goldstein agreed to accept Smith's offer, proceeding to recruit George Alpert, a Boston lawyer with fundraising experience as national vice president of the United Jewish Appeal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Alpert had worked his way through Boston University School of Law and co-founded the firm of Alpert and Alpert. Alpert's firm had a long association with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, of which he was to become president from 1956 to 1961^[21]^[22] He is best known today as the father of Richard Alpert (Baba Ram Dass).^[23] He was influential in Boston's Jewish community. His Judaism "tended to be social rather than spiritual."^[24] He was involved in assisting children displaced from Germany.^[25] Alpert was to be chairman of Brandeis from 1946 to 1954, and a trustee from 1946 until his death.^[21] By February 5, 1946, Goldstein had recruited Albert Einstein, whose involvement drew national attention to the nascent university.^[26] Einstein believed the university would attract the best young people in all fields, satisfying a real need.^[27]

In March 1946, Goldstein said the foundation had raised ten million dollars that it would use to open the school by the following year.^[28] The foundation purchased Middlesex University's land and buildings for two million dollars.^[27] The charter of this operation was transferred to the Foundation along with the campus. The founding organization was announced in August and named The Albert Einstein Foundation for Higher Learning, Inc.^[29] The new school would be a Jewish-sponsored secular university open to students and faculty of all races and religions.^[29]

The trustees offered to name the university after Einstein in the summer of 1946, but Einstein declined, and on July 16, 1946, the board decided the university would be named after Louis Brandeis.^[30] Einstein objected to what he thought was excessively expansive promotion, and to Goldstein's sounding out Abram L. Sachar as a possible president without consulting Einstein. Einstein took great offense at Goldstein's having invited Cardinal Francis Spellman to participate in a fundraising event. Einstein also became alarmed by press announcements that exaggerated the school's success at fundraising.

Einstein threatened to sever ties with the foundation on September 2, 1946. Believing the venture could not succeed without Einstein, Goldstein quickly agreed to resign himself, and Einstein recanted.^[39] Einstein's near-departure was publicly denied.^[31]^[32] Goldstein said that, despite his resignation, he would continue to solicit donations for the foundation.^[31] On November 1, 1946, the foundation announced that the new university would be named Brandeis University, after Louis D. Brandeis, justice of the United States Supreme Court.^[33] By the end of 1946, the foundation said it had raised over five hundred thousand dollars,^[34] and two months later it said it had doubled that amount.^[35]

Brandeis felt it was in no position to make the investment in the medical school that would enable it to receive accreditation, and closed it in 1947. Einstein wanted Middlesex University's veterinary school's standards to be improved before expanding to the school,^[39] while others in the foundation wanted to simply close the veterinary school,^[32] which, by the winter of 1947, had an enrollment of just about 100 students.^[35] A professional study of the veterinary school recommended dismissing certain instructors and requiring end-of-year examinations for the students, but the foundation declined to enact any of the recommendations, to the dismay of Einstein and a couple of the foundation's trustees.^[36]

In early June 1947, Einstein made a final break with the foundation.^[37]^[38] The veterinary school was closed, despite students' protests and demonstrations.^[32] According to George Alpert, a lawyer responsible for much of the organizational effort, said that Einstein had wanted to offer the presidency of the school to left-wing scholar Harold Laski,^[39] someone that Alpert had characterized as "a man utterly alien to American principles of democracy, tarred with the Communist brush."^[26] He said, "I can compromise on any subject but one: that one is Americanism."^[32] Two of the foundation's trustees, S. Ralph Lazrus and Dr. Otto Nathan, quit the foundation at the same time as Einstein.^[37] In response, Alpert said that Lazrus and Nathan had tried to give Brandeis University a "radical, political orientation."^[40] Alpert also criticized Lazrus' lack of fundraising success and Nathan's failure to organize an educational advisory committee.^[40] Einstein said he, Lazrus, and Nathan "have always been and have always acted in complete harmony."^[41]

Opening

On April 26, 1948, Brandeis University announced that Abram L. Sachar, chairman of the National Hillel Commission, had been chosen as Brandeis' first president.^[42] Sachar promised that Brandeis University would follow Louis Brandeis' principles of academic integrity and service.^[43] He also promised that students and faculty would never be chosen based on quotas of "genetic or ethnic or economic distribution" because choices based on quotas "are based on the assumption that there are standard population strains, on the belief that the ideal American must look and act like an eighteenth-century Puritan, that the melting pot of America must mold all who all who live here into such a pattern."^[44] Students who applied to the school were not asked their race, religion, or ancestry.^[45]

Brandeis decided its undergraduate instruction would not be organized with traditional departments or divisions, and instead it would have four schools, namely the School of General Studies, the School of Social Studies, the School of Humanities, and the School of Science.^[46] On October 14, 1948,^[44] Brandeis University received its first freshman class of 107 students.^[47] They were taught by thirteen instructors^[67] in eight buildings on a {{convert|100|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} campus.^[48] Students came from 28 states and six foreign countries.^[49] The library was formerly a barn, students slept in the former medical school building and two army barracks, and the cafeteria was where the medical school had stored cadavers.^[19] Historians Elinor and Robert Slater later called the opening of Brandeis one of the great moments in Jewish history.^[50]

Early years

The state legislature of Massachusetts authorized Brandeis to award master's degrees, doctorate degrees, and honorary degrees in 1951.^[47] Brandeis' first graduating class of 101 students received degrees on June 16, 1952.^[59]^[60] Leonard Bernstein, director of Brandeis' Center of Creative Arts, planned a four-day ceremony to commemorate the occasion.^[60] Held in the newly opened amphitheater, the ceremony included the world premier of Bernstein's opera Trouble in Tahiti.^[60]^[61] Eleanor Roosevelt and Massachusetts Governor Paul A. Dever spoke at the commencement ceremony.^[62]

In 1953, Einstein declined the offer of an honorary degree from Brandeis, writing to Brandeis president Abram L. Sachar that "what happened in the stage of preparation of Brandeis University was not at all caused by a misunderstanding and cannot be made good any more."^[63] Instead, at the graduation ceremony for Brandeis' second graduating class of 108 students, individuals given Brandeis' first honorary degrees included Illinois Senator Paul H. Douglas, Rabbi Louis Ginzberg, and Alpert.^[64] 1953 also saw the creation of the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, one of the very first academic programs in Jewish Studies at an American university. Among the founders were distinguished emigre scholars Alexander Altmann, Nathan Glatzer and Simon Rawidowicz. Brandeis inaugurated its graduate program, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, in 1954.^[65] In the same year, Brandeis became fully accredited, joining the New England Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.^[48] As of 1954, Brandeis had 22 buildings and a {{convert|192|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} campus.^[48]

In 1954, Brandeis began construction on an interfaith center consisting of separate Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish chapels.^[66] Designed by the architectural firm of Harrison & Abramovitz, the three chapels surrounded a natural pond.^[66] Brandeis announced that no official chaplains would be named, and attendance at chapel services would not be required.^[66] The Roman Catholic chapel was named Bethlehem, meaning house of bread, and it was dedicated on September 9, 1955.^[67] Dedicated on September 11, 1955, the Jewish chapel was named in memory of Mendel and Leah Berlin, parents of Boston surgeon Dr. David D. Berlin.^[68] Named in memory of Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, the Protestant chapel was dedicated on October 30, 1955.^[68]

In 1956 Brandeis received a one million dollar donation from New York industrialist Jack A. Goldfarb to build a library.^[69]^[70] The building, named the Bertha and Jacob Goldfarb Library in his honor, was designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, a firm which designed many campus buildings in the 1950s.^[70] Built of brick and glass, the library was designed to hold 750,000 volumes.^[70]

A nine-foot bronze statue of Justice Louis D. Brandeis is a campus landmark. The sculpture, created by sculptor Robert Berks, was unveiled in 1956 in honor of the 100th anniversary of Brandeis' birth.^[71]^[72] Berks' wife Dorothy had been the Justice's personal assistant for 39 years and wore his actual robes to model the statue.^[72]

After Brandeis University awarded an honorary doctorate to Israeli Premier David Ben-Gurion in 1960,^[73] Jordan boycotted Brandeis University, announcing that it would not issue currency permits to Jordanian students at Brandeis.^[74]

Beginning in fall 1959, singer Eddie Fisher established two scholarships at the University, one for classical and one for popular music, in the name of Eddie Cantor.^[75]

On May 16, 1960, Brandeis announced it would discontinue its varsity football team.^[76] President Abram Sachar pointed to the cost of the team as one reason for the decision.^[76] Brandeis' football coach Benny Friedman said it was difficult to recruit football players who were also excellent students with so much competition in the Boston metropolitan area.^[77] Brandeis said the discontinuation of varsity football would allow it to expand intercollegiate activity in other sports.^[77] During its nine years of varsity play, Brandeis' football team recorded 34 wins, 33 losses, and four ties.^[77] In 1985, Brandeis was elected to membership in the Association of American Universities, an association that focuses on graduate education and research.^[78]

Student takeover of Ford Hall

On January 8, 1969, about 70 black students entered then-student-center, Ford Hall, ejected everyone else from the building, and refused to leave.^[79] The students' demands included the hiring of more black faculty members, increasing black student enrollment from four percent to ten percent of the student body,^[80] establishing an independent department on African American studies,^[81] and an increase in scholarships for black students.^[82] The student protesters renamed the school Malcolm X University for the duration of the siege, distributing buttons with the new name and logo, and issued a list of fourteen demands for better minority representation on campus.^[83] The students refused to allow telephone calls go through the telephone switchboard.^[84] Over 200 white students staged a sit-in in the lobby of the administration building.^[120] Classes continued on campus during the protest.^[81] Other campuses that had protests at the same time included San Francisco State College,^[85] the University of Minnesota, Swarthmore College, Cheyney State College,^[86] Queens College,^[87] and San Jose State College.^[88]

President Morris B. Abram said that, although he recognized "the deep frustration and anger which black students here and all over the country—and often is—the indifference and duplicity of white men in relation to blacks",^[120] the students' actions were an affront to the university,^[80] Abram said that "nothing less than academic freedom itself is under assault."^[120] The faculty condemned the students' actions as well.^[80] On the third day of the protest, Abram proposed creating three committees to "spell out in detail those points which still divide us."^[89] The students rejected the idea.^[89]

On the fourth day of the protest, the Middlesex Superior Court issued a temporary restraining order, requiring the students to leave Ford Hall.^[81] While Abram said he would not allow the order to be enforced by forcibly removing the students from Ford Hall, he did say that 65 students had been suspended for their actions.^[90] On January 18, the black students exited Ford Hall, ending the eleven-day occupation of the building.^[91] Brandeis and students still were not in agreement on one of the demands, namely the establishment of an autonomous department on African American studies. Brandeis insisted that such a department be subject to the same rules as any other department.^[91] There had been no violence or destruction of property during the occupation, and Brandeis gave the students amnesty from their actions.^[91] Ronald Walters became the first chair of Afro-American studies at Brandeis later the same year.^[92] Ford Hall was demolished in August 2000 to make way for the Shapiro Campus Center, which was opened and dedicated October 3, 2002.

21st century

In 2014, Brandeis announced it would offer an honorary doctorate to Ayaan Hirsi Ali, "a staunch supporter of women's rights",^[94] and an outspoken campaigner against female genital mutilation, honor killing and Islamic extremism in general. After complaints from the Council on American-Islamic Relations and internal consultation with faculty and students, Brandeis publicly withdrew the offer, citing that Ali's statements condemning Islam^[95] were "inconsistent with the University's core values".^[96] 87 out of 511 faculty members at Brandeis signed a letter to the university president.

The university announced that the decision to withdraw the invitation was made after a discussion between Ayaan Ali and President Frederick Lawrence, stating that "She is a compelling public figure and advocate for women's rights ... but we cannot overlook certain of her past statements".^[97] According to Brandeis, Ali was never invited to speak at commencement, she was only invited to receive an honorary degree.^[98] Ali said that Brandeis' decision surprised her because Brandeis said they did not know what she had said in the past even though her speeches were publicly available on the internet, calling it a "feeble excuse".^[99] Ali stated that the university's decision was motivated in part by fear of offending Muslims.^[99] She argued that the "spirit of free expression" referred to in the Brandeis statement has been betrayed and stifled.^[100]

While some commentators such as Abdullah Antepli, the Muslim chaplain and adjunct faculty of Islamic Studies at Duke University, applauded the decision and warned against "making renegades into heroes",^[101] other academic commentators such as the University of Chicago's Jerry Coyne^[102] and the George Mason University Foundation Professor David Bernstein^[103] criticized the decision as an attack on academic values such as freedom of inquiry and intellectual independence from religious pressure groups.

Presidents

Campus

The Heller School

International Business School

The Brandeis International Business School is a professional school dedicated to teaching and research in global finance, management, economic policy, international banking, microcredit lending, business and the environment, and related fields. Brandeis IBS has been ranked #1 in the US by the Financial Times^[113] for pre-experience finance master's programs for two years.{{when|date=November 2018}}

The School offers four graduate programs, a five-year BA/MA and BA/MBA, and undergraduate business programs specializing in international economic policy, corporate finance]], asset management, marketing, real estate, and sustainability. Brandeis IBS offers four graduate programs: Master of Arts in International Economics and Finance (MA), Master of Science in Finance (MSF), MBA, and PhD. In addition, business major and minor programs are available to undergraduate students, along with five-year dual-degree BA/MA and BA/MBA programs, which allow Brandeis University undergraduates to complete a master's degree at Brandeis International Business School in conjunction with their studies at the university.

The Rabb School of Continuing Studies

With more than 4,000 enrollments a year,^[114] the Rabb School of Continuing Studies develops educational offerings across four distinct divisions. It provides professional development opportunities through degree programs, personal enrichment and lifelong learning.

Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

One of four graduate schools on campus, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) offers over 40 programs, 18 of which are doctoral programs. Brandeis graduate students are eligible to cross-register for courses at Boston College, Boston University, Tufts University, and the Graduate Consortium in Women's Studies at MIT. Brandeis is also a member of the Boston Library Consortium,^[115] composed of 18 academic and research institutions in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

Rose Art Museum

Established in 1961, the Rose Art Museum is a museum dedicated to 20th- and 21st-century art.

Library

The Brandeis Library^[116] provides resources and services to support research, scholarship, teaching, and learning on campus.

The library manages more than 1,500,000 physical volumes, and more than 600,000 electronic books, as well as electronic journals and online databases. As part of the library, the Robert D. Farber University Archives & Special Collections Department houses Brandeis University's unique and rare primary sources, which support teaching, research and scholarship at the university and beyond. The department comprises University Archives, containing materials related to Brandeis University, and Special Collections, including rare books, original manuscripts dating from the 13th to 21st centuries, unique primary source material, and a wide variety of visual material.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

Subject strengths include the Holocaust and Jewish resistance to persecution; Jewish-American and émigré writers, composers and performing artists; left- and right-wing movements in the United States and Europe; and American and European political leaders and social reformers. Major collections include material on the Spanish Civil War, novelist Joseph Heller, caricaturist Honoré Daumier, and Justice Louis Dembitz Brandeis.

Academics

The College of Arts and Sciences comprises 24 departments and 22 interdepartmental programs, which, in total, offer 43 majors and 47 minors.

The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, founded in 1959, is noteworthy for its graduate programs in healthcare administration, social policy, social work, and international development.^[117]^[118] Internships, research assistantships and other hands-on experiences are available throughout the curriculum. The global and experiential dimensions of education at Brandeis are carried out through international centers and institutes, which sponsor lectures and colloquia and add to the ranks of distinguished scholars on campus.

The Brandeis University Press, a member of the University Press of New England, publishes books in a variety of scholarly and general interest fields. The Goldfarb Library at Brandeis has more than 1.6 million volumes and 300,000 e-journals. The library also houses a large United States Government archive. Brandeis University is a part of the Boston Library Consortium, which allows its students, faculty, and staff to access and borrow books and other materials from other BLC institutions including Tufts University and Williams College.

Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies

In 1980, Brandeis University established the Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies,^[119] the first academic center devoted to the study of Jewish life in the United States. The Cohen Center's work spans basic research on Jewish identity to applied educational evaluation studies. The center's recent signature studies include research with participants in Taglit-Birthright Israel, investigations of synagogue transformation, and analyses of Jewish summer camping. CMJS research has altered the understanding of contemporary Jewish life and the role of Jewish institutions in the United States.

Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism

The Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism was launched in September 2004 as the first investigative reporting center based at a United States university.^[120] It was named for founding benefactors Elaine Schuster and Gerald Schuster.

In December 2018, Provost Lisa Lynch announced that the Schuster Institute would be closing at the end of 2018 due to financial considerations.^[120]

Steinhardt Social Research Institute

The Steinhardt Social Research Institute^[122] was created in 2005 from a gift from Michael Steinhardt as a forum to collect, analyze, and disseminate data about the Jewish community and about religion and ethnicity in the United States. The first mission of SSRI was to interpret the inherent problems with the National Jewish Population Survey of 2000 (NJPS). SSRI has done a Jewish Population Survey of the Greater Boston area,

The Institute collects and organizes existing socio-demographic data from private, communal, and government sources and will conduct local and national studies of the character of American Jewry and Jewish organizations. The work of the Institute is done by a multidisciplinary staff of faculty and scholars, working with undergraduate and graduate students, and augmented by visiting scholars and consultants. The Institute works in close collaboration with the Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies.

Women's Studies Research Center

The Women's Studies Research Center (WSRC) is directed by Professor of Sociology and Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies Karen V. Hansen.^[124] The WSRC was founded in 2001 by Professor Emerita of Sociology Shulamit Reinharz. It is home to three general programs:

Rankings

Notable faculty and graduates

Among the better-known graduates are co-creators of the television show Friends David Crane and Marta Kauffman, political activists Abbie Hoffman and Angela Davis, journalists Thomas Friedman and Paul Solman, Congressman Stephen J. Solarz, physicist and Fields medalist Edward Witten, novelist Ha Jin, political theorist Michael Walzer, actress Debra Messing, philosopher Michael Sandel, Olympic Silver Medalist fencer Tim Morehouse, social and psychoanalytic theorist Nancy Chodorow, author Mitch Albom, filmmakers Debra Granik and Jonathan Newman, music producer Jon Landau,^[139] and computer scientist Leslie Lamport.

Among the distinguished faculty, present and past, are mathematician Heisuke Hironaka, a Fields medalist, biologists and Nobel laureates Michael Rosbash and Jeffrey C. Hall, composers Arthur Berger, Leonard Bernstein, Martin Boykan, Eric Chasalow, Irving Fine, Donald Martino, David Rakowski, Harold Shapero, and Yehudi Wyner, social theorist Herbert Marcuse, psychologist Abraham Maslow, linguist James Pustejovsky, human rights activist Eleanor Roosevelt, Anita Hill, historian David Hackett Fischer, economist Thomas Sowell, diplomat Dennis Ross, children's author Margret Rey, former United States Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, sociologist Morrie Schwartz, poets Olga Broumas and Adrienne Rich, author Stephen McCauley, and Pulitzer Prize–winning columnist Eileen McNamara.

Publications

Newspaper and yearbook

Magazines

Journals

Athletics

Brandeis fields 19 Division III varsity athletic programs. Brandeis athletic teams compete in the University Athletic Association (UAA).

Brandeis has won NCAA team championships in men's soccer (1976) and men's cross country (1983), as well as 24 individual titles. Brandeis teams have earned 17 NCAA Division III Tournament berths and won eight Eastern Collegiate Athletic Association (ECAC) New England crowns in the last decade. Nine teams have earned national rankings, with men's and women's basketball and men's and women's soccer all ascending to the top 10 in the nation during that span.^[141]^[142]^[143] In 2017, the men's team reached the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament for the sixth year in a row, and reached the Final Four for the second straight year. It was the fourth straight year they finished ranked a top ten team in the country. Also earning national rankings in '13-14 were women's cross country^[144] and men's and women's tennis.^[145]^[146]

Brandeis also sponsors 20 club sports. Among them, ultimate frisbee, crew, archery and women's rugby have had success on a national level. The program's 15 intramural sports are open to students, faculty and staff.

Research

Brandeis is classified as a doctoral university with "Highest Research Activity."^[147] In FY 2015, Brandeis was awarded nearly $60 million in sponsored research. Funding sources included the National Institutes of Health; the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as well as a range of foundations.^[148]

The university's Division of Science encompasses seven departments (Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, and Psychology), five interdepartmental programs (Biochemistry & Biophysics, Biological Physics, Biotechnology, Genetic Counseling, Molecular & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience), six science centers (Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Benjamin and Mae Volen National Center for Complex Systems, and W.M. Keck Institute for Cellular Visualization), and more than 50 laboratories^[149] that investigate fundamental life processes ranging from the structure and function of individual macromolecules to the mechanisms that control the behavior of whole organisms.

Faculty, postdoctoral fellows, graduate students and undergraduates investigate areas such as neuronal development and plasticity, signal transduction, immunology, the molecular basis of genetic recombination, and the three-dimensional structure of macromolecular assemblies. Brandeis science faculty include 12 National Academy of Science members,^[150] three Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators,^[151] two Howard Hughes Medical Institute professors,^[151] two MacArthur Foundation Fellows,^[152] and 15 American Association for the Advancement of Sciences Fellows.^[153]

Brandeis undergraduate students have the opportunity to work with faculty, postdoctoral students and graduate students to conduct

original laboratory research.^[154] Brandeis also offers a number of funding resources to support independent undergraduate research projects. In 2008, Brandeis established a Science Posse program, a merit-based scholarship program that admits students based on their academic, leadership and communication skills, and their interests in studying science. Founded by Irving Epstein, the Henry F. Fischbach Professor of Chemistry, and supported by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant, the Science Posse program is focused on increasing the recruitment and retention of students from traditionally underrepresented groups in the sciences. The program recruits, trains, and provides mentoring and other services for 10 inner-city Atlanta students each year who are interested in studying science at the undergraduate level.^[155]

In 2014, the National Science Foundation renewed funding for Brandeis' Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), which was established in 2008. This center supports interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary materials research and education that address fundamental problems in science and engineering that are important to society.^[156] In particular, the center uses simplified components to create new materials that have some of the functionalities found in living organisms.

Student life

The university has an active student government, the Brandeis Student Union,^[157] as well as more than 270 student organizations.^[158] Fraternities and sororities are officially prohibited by Brandeis University, as they are contrary to a central tenet of the university, namely, that student organizations be open to all students, with membership determined by competency or interest. According to an official handbook, "[e]xclusive or secret societies are inconsistent with the principles of openness to which the University is committed.".^[159]

Brandeis has 11 a cappella groups, six undergraduate-run theater companies, one sketch comedy troupe (Boris' Kitchen, founded in 1987),^[160] four improv-comedy groups, and many other cultural and arts clubs, as well as student activism groups that advocate for causes including environmentalism, immigration reform, LGBTQ rights, feminism, and anti-racism. Brandeis is also home to what has been cited as one of the country's few undergraduate-run law publications.^[161] Of particular note is the Brandeis Academic Debate and Speech Society (B.A.D.A.S.S.), which consistently ranks as one of the top 10 debate teams in the United States, and participates across the globe in the World Universities Debating Championships each year. During the 2012-2013 school year, B.A.D.A.S.S. was the second most successful team overall on the American Parliamentary Debate Association Circuit.^[162]

Cholmondeley's coffeehouse, commonly referred to as "Chums", is located in Brandeis' Usen Castle. Chums is a popular site for student performances and concerts, including Tracy Chapman, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Matt Pond PA, and Genesis (notable as their first American performance). Early footage of Chums appears in the short documentary film, Coffee House Rendezvous.^[163] Cholmondley's is named after a notoriously ill-tempered Basset hound that was the on-campus pet for Ralph Norman, the campus photographer during the first years of Brandeis. The dog roamed the campus after dark, growling at students, often nipping at their cuffs and making a general nuisance of himself. After his death, the coffee house was named for him, not so much in remembrance but in celebration.^[164]

Brandeis University's Campus Sustainability Initiative seeks to reduce the University's environmental and climate change impact. The University's accomplishments in the arena of sustainability include the creation of a student-organized on-campus Farmers' Market, the implementation of a single-stream recycling program, and the transition to GreenE certified wind power for 15% of the school's electricity needs.^[165] Brandeis also offers a course called Greening the Campus and Community, in which students "examine the environmental impacts of the Brandeis and Waltham community, and then design and implement projects to address those impacts."^[166] Student projects have included greening campus offices, running after-school environmental education programs for children in the Waltham schools, and cleaning up local streams and ponds.^[166]

Students also have the option of taking courses with a "Community Engaged Learning" (CEL) aspect. Community-engaged learning is an aspect of the university's broad-based commitment to experiential learning.

Emergency medical services are provided by the Brandeis Emergency Medical Corps, a Massachusetts-certified EMT-Basic volunteer student organization^[167] which does not charge a fee for any of its emergency services.^[168]

Security escort services are provided around the campus and into Waltham by the student-run "Branvan," which runs on a daily schedule from 4:00 pm to 2:30 am on weekdays and from 12:00 pm to 2:30 am on weekends.

The university is {{convert|9|mi|km}} west of Boston and is accessible through Brandeis/Roberts station on the Fitchburg Commuter Rail Line, a free shuttle that services Boston and Cambridge (Harvard Square) Thursday through Sunday,^[169] the nearby Riverside subway station (above ground) on the Green Line, and the 553 MBTA Bus.^[170]

Wien International Scholarship

Wien International Scholarship^[171] was instituted by Brandeis University for international undergraduate students. It was established in 1958 by Lawrence A. and Mae Wien. The family had three objectives: to further international understanding, to provide foreign students an opportunity to study in the United States, and to enrich the intellectual and cultural life at Brandeis. The Wien Scholarship offers full or partial tuition awards; these awards are need-based and require the applicants to present outstanding academic and personal achievement. Each year, the recipients of the scholarship take a week-long tour of a destination in the United States. In previous years, the students have visited the United Nations in New York City, and did relief work in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. In April 2008, the university hosted a three-day-long celebration for the 50th anniversary of the program.

Institute for Informal Jewish Education

The Institute for Informal Jewish Education aims to support Jewish educators in creating meaningful Jewish experiences through professional development opportunities including pre-service experiences, in-service experiences related to educators' practice, practitioner research, curriculum development, and strategic organizational support.^[172] The IJE is funded partially through grants, from The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies, The Legacy Heritage Fund, The Covenant Foundation, and AVI CHAI Foundation.^[173]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Academic Integrity |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/gps/students/studentresources/policiesprocedures/academicintegrity.html |work=Brandeis.edu |publisher=Brandeis University |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819070303/http://www.brandeis.edu/gps/students/studentresources/policiesprocedures/academicintegrity.html |archivedate=August 19, 2011 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite news |title= University Clocks Rapid Growth |first= Eileen |last= Summers |work= The Washington Post |date= May 27, 1954 |page= 55 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/148628712/E84C9F9373264AE3PQ/76?accountid=46320 }}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/research/2018-Endowment-Market-Values--Final.ashx?la=en&hash=31CF91E74EAAB91288E53E2BCD629C35710C1C03https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/research/2018-Endowment-Market-Values--Final.ashx?la=en&hash=31CF91E74EAAB91288E53E2BCD629C35710C1C03 |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180306015434/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2017-Endowment-Market-Values-2.pdf |archive-date= March 6, 2018 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
4. ^¹²"[https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/brandeis-university-2133/student-life Brandeis University: Student Life]". U.S. News and World Reports. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
5. ^NAICU – Member Directory {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109231238/http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp |date=November 9, 2015 }}
6. ^{{cite web |title=Fast Facts |work=Brandeis University |accessdate=2008-03-17 |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/about/facts/index.html }}
7. ^{{Cite web|title = Most Expensive Colleges: Brandeis University - BusinessWeek|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/ss/10/10/1028_most_expensive_colleges/50.htm|website = Businessweek.com|access-date = 2016-02-21}}
8. ^¹{{cite web | last = Jaffe | first = Judith | title = Brandeis University Common Data Set Responses 2012-2013 | publisher = Brandeis University | url = http://www.brandeis.edu/opir/institutionalresearch/pdfs/CDS_2012-2013_Final.pdf | accessdate = August 14, 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150103085822/http://www.brandeis.edu/opir/institutionalresearch/pdfs/CDS_2012-2013_Final.pdf | archivedate = January 3, 2015 | df = }}
9. ^¹{{Cite web|title = Brandeis University|url = https://www.forbes.com/colleges/brandeis-university/|website = Forbes|access-date = February 20, 2016 }}
10. ^{{Cite web|title = Boston Area Consortia (Cross Registration) {{!}} Office of the University Registrar|url = http://www.bu.edu/reg/registration/consortia/|website = www.bu.edu|access-date = February 20, 2016 }}
11. ^{{Cite web|title = The Boston Consortium|url = http://www.boston-consortium.org/about/what_is_tbc.asp|website = www.boston-consortium.org|access-date = February 20, 2016 }}
12. ^{{Cite web|title = Pell Grant Recipients in Selective Colleges and Universities|url = http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Higher%20Ed/Higher%20Ed%20Course/pellgrantheller.pdf|access-date = 2018-08-13}}
13. ^{{Cite web|title = Most International Students National Universities|url = https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/most-international|website = U.S. News & World Report|access-date = 2018-08-13}}
14. ^{{Cite web|title = Brandeis University: Fast Facts|url = http://www.brandeis.edu/about/facts/schools.html|website = Brandeis.edu|access-date = 2018-08-13}}
15. ^¹{{Cite web|title = Brandeis University {{!}} Best College {{!}} US News|url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/brandeis-university-2133|website = colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com|accessdate = 2015-09-09}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=2018 Most Diverse College in America|url=https://www.niche.com/colleges/search/most-diverse-colleges/|publisher=Niche}}
17. ^{{Cite web|title = Heller ranks in top 10 social policy schools in new ratings by U.S. News {{!}} BrandeisNOW|url = http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2012/march/hellerrated.html|website = BrandeisNOW|access-date = 2016-02-20}}
18. ^{{Cite web|title = Notable Alumni {{!}} About {{!}} Brandeis University|url = http://www.brandeis.edu/about/alumni.html|website = www.brandeis.edu|access-date = 2016-02-20}}
19. ^¹{{cite news |title= 'A School Of The Spirit' Graduates Its First |last= Gardner |first= R. H. |work= The Baltimore Sun |date= May 29, 1952 |page= 14 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/541745484/6470866A575F476BPQ/229?accountid=46320 }}
20. ^¹{{cite web |last = Reis Jr. |first= Arthur H. | title=The Founding |work= Brandeis Review, 50th Anniversary Edition | url= http://www.brandeis.edu/publications/review/50threview/founding.pdf | accessdate= May 17, 2006 |pages= 42–43 |quote= Founder's son, C. Ruggles Smith, quoted: "From its inception, Middlesex was ruthlessly attacked by the American Medical Association, which at that time was dedicated to restricting the production of physicians, and to maintaining an inflexible policy of discrimination in the admission of medical students. Middlesex, alone among medical schools, selected its students on the basis of merit, and refused to establish any racial quotas. }}
21. ^¹{{cite news |title= George Alpert, 90; was a Founder and First Chairman of Brandeis |work= The Boston Globe |date= September 13, 1988 |page= 82 }}
22. ^{{cite news |last= Lyall |first= Sarah |title= George Alpert, 90, Ex-President Of New Haven Line and a Lawyer |work= The New York Times |date= September 13, 1988 |page= D26 }}
23. ^{{cite web| url=http://ramdasstapes.org/biography.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030623083239/http://www.ramdasstapes.org/biography.htm| dead-url=yes| archive-date=23 June 2003| title=Ram Dass| publisher=Ram Dass Tapes| accessdate=26 April 2009}}
24. ^{{cite book|title=Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream| first=Jay| last=Stevens| publisher=Grove Press| year=1988| isbn=0-8021-3587-0}}p. 152
25. ^{{cite book| title=Following Our Bliss: How the Spiritual Ideals of the Sixties Shape Our Lives Today| first=Don| last=Lattin| publisher=HarperCollins| year=2004| isbn=0-06-073063-3}} p. 161
26. ^¹{{cite web |last= Reis Jr. |first= Arthur H. |title=The Albert Einstein Involvement |work= Brandeis Publications 50th review |format= PDF |url= http://www.brandeis.edu/publications/review/50threview/einstein.pdf |accessdate= May 4, 2006 |pages= 60–61 |quote= Source for Einstein agreeing to establishment of the foundation Feb. 5th, 1946, foundation incorporated Feb. 25; for Alpert quotation, "a man utterly alien to American principles of democracy, tarred with the Communist brush;" for Einstein's refusal to accept an honorary degree in 1953. }}
27. ^¹{{cite news |title= Liberal University to Be Set Up by Jewish Body |work= The Baltimore Afro-American |date= August 31, 1946 |page= 10 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/531588568/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/38?accountid=46320 }}
28. ^{{cite news |title= College Sought by Jewish Group |work= The New York Times |date= March 19, 1946 |page= 19 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107465002/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/34?accountid=46320 }}
29. ^¹{{cite news |title= New Jewish Unit Plans University |work= The New York Times |date= August 20, 1946 |page= 10 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107605957/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/35?accountid=46320 }}
30. ^{{cite web |last= Reis, Jr. |first= Arthur H. |title= Naming the University | work= Brandeis Review, 50th Anniversary Edition | url= http://www.brandeis.edu/publications/review/50threview/einstein.pdf | accessdate= May 3, 2006 |pages= 66–67 }}
31. ^¹{{cite news |title= Goldstein Quits Einstein Agency |work= The New York Times |date= September 26, 1946 |page= 27 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107727508/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/41?accountid=46320 }}
32. ^¹²³{{cite book | title = Brandeis University: A Host at Last | first = Abram L. | last = Sachar | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-87451-585-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axYr8im9gqcC | publisher = Brandeis University Press, distributed by University Press of New England |pages= 18–22 }}
33. ^{{cite news |title= Disclose Plans for New College |work= The New York Times |date= November 7, 1946 |page= 28 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107542398/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/43?accountid=46320 }}
34. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Fund Growing |work= The New York Times |date= Dec 19, 1946 |page= 37 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107429813/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/44?accountid=46320 }}
35. ^¹{{cite news |title= Brandeis University to Open in Fall of '48 |work= The New York Times |date= February 11, 1947 |page= 25 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107822860/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/45?accountid=46320 }}
36. ^{{cite news |title= Einstein Gives Up Support of New College |agency= Associated Press |publisher= The Baltimore Sun |date= June 22, 1947 |page= A2 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/542673850/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/48?accountid=46320 }}
37. ^¹²³{{cite news |title= Dr. Einstein Quits University Plan: Withdraws Support of Brandeis and Bars Use of His Name by Einstein Foundation |work= The New York Times |date= June 22, 1947 |page= 16 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107904030/8006BFDC989D4D64PQ/47?accountid=46320 }}
38. ^{{cite news |title= Einstein Severs Relations With University Fund |work= The Washington Post |date= June 22, 1947 |page= M1 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/151982804/E84C9F9373264AE3PQ/2?accountid=46320 }}
39. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis University to Open As Planned |date= June 25, 1947 |work= The New York Times |page= 6 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107894324/6470866A575F476BPQ/10?accountid=46320 }}
40. ^¹{{cite news |title= Left Bias Charged in University Row |date= June 23, 1947 |work= The New York Times |page= 24 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107902395/6470866A575F476BPQ/8?accountid=46320 }}
41. ^{{cite news |title= Einstein Backs Two Who Quit University |date= June 30, 1947 |work= The New York Times |page= 9 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/107893714/6470866A575F476BPQ/11?accountid=46320 }}
42. ^¹{{cite news |title= Sachar Heads University|date= April 27, 1948 |work= The New York Times |page= 3 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/108194770/6470866A575F476BPQ/13?accountid=46320 }}
43. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis University Pledged to His Ideals |date= June 15, 1948 |work= The New York Times |page= 34 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/108183254/6470866A575F476BPQ/16?accountid=46320 }}
44. ^¹{{cite news |title= Sachar Installed As Brandeis Head |first= John H. |last= Fenton |date= October 8, 1948|work= The New York Times |page= 22 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/108273404/6470866A575F476BPQ/23?accountid=46320 }}
45. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis University |first= Drew |last= Pearson|work= The Washington Post |date= October 17, 1948 |page= M15 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/152041623/6470866A575F476BPQ/26?accountid=46320 }}
46. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Inaugural: University in Waltham, Mass., Establishes Four Schools |date= October 3, 1948 |work= The New York Times |page= E7 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/108268080/6470866A575F476BPQ/22?accountid=46320 }}
47. ^¹{{cite news |title= Brandeis Expanding |first= Benjamin |last= Fine |date= May 13, 1951 |work= The New York Times |page= B9 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112215962/6470866A575F476BPQ/153?accountid=46320 }}
48. ^¹²{{cite news |title= Brandeis Builds: Facilities Will Be Provided for Graduate Science Studies |date= January 31, 1954 |work= The New York Times |page= E9 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/113152034/6470866A575F476BPQ/405?accountid=46320 }}
49. ^{{cite news |title= Interracial Award Established At Brandeis University |work= Atlanta Daily World |date= August 8, 1950 |page= 2 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/490919935/6470866A575F476BPQ/124?accountid=46320 }}
50. ^{{cite book | title = Great Moments in Jewish History | first1 = Elinor | last1 = Slater |first2= Robert |last2= Slater | publisher = Jonathan David Company, Inc. | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-8246-0408-3 |pages= 121–123 }}
51. ^{{cite news |title= Mrs. Roosevelt Joins Board of Brandeis U. |date= June 18, 1949 |work= The New York Times |page= 15 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/105958940/6470866A575F476BPQ/52?accountid=46320 }}
52. ^{{cite news |title= Proskauer on Brandeis Board |date= February 17, 1950 |work= The New York Times |page= 20 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/111518559/6470866A575F476BPQ/95?accountid=46320 }}
53. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis U. to Expand: President Announces Plans to Build Student Dormitories |date= February 20, 1950 |work= The New York Times |page= 26 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/111518559/6470866A575F476BPQ/95?accountid=46320 }}
54. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Starts Athletic Field |work= The New York Times |date= May 29, 1950 |page= 13 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/111645250/6470866A575F476BPQ/114?accountid=46320 }}
55. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Freshmen on Top|work= New York Times |date= October 1, 1950 |page= 162 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/111395437/6470866A575F476BPQ/135?accountid=46320 }}
56. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Loses Opener, 33-20 |work= The New York Times |date= September 30, 1951 |page= 128 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112140418/6470866A575F476BPQ/171?accountid=46320 }}
57. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Wins, 25-7 |work= The Washington Post |date= October 14, 1951 |page= C5 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/152355750/6470866A575F476BPQ/176?accountid=46320 }}
58. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis U. Starts Its Amphitheatre |date= February 24, 1952 |work= The New York Times |page= 74 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112534800/6470866A575F476BPQ/206?accountid=46320 }}
59. ^¹{{cite news |title= Brandeis to Hold First Graduation: 'Pilot' Class of 101 to Receive Degrees—Mrs. Roosevelt Will Deliver Address |date= June 15, 1952 |work= The New York Times |page= 64 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112280587/6470866A575F476BPQ/239?accountid=46320 }}
60. ^¹²{{cite news |title= Brandeis U. Begins Festival of Arts |first= Howard |last= Taubman |work= The New York Times |date= June 13, 1952 |page= 20 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112247624/6470866A575F476BPQ/236?accountid=46320 }}
61. ^{{cite news |title= Bernstein Opera Has Its Premiere |first= Howard |last= Taubman |date= June 14, 1952 |work= The New York Times |page= 12 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112268443/6470866A575F476BPQ/237?accountid=46320 }}
62. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Graduates 101 in Its First Class |date= June 17, 1952 |work= The New York Times |page= 25 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112287529/6470866A575F476BPQ/245?accountid=46320 }}
63. ^{{cite book |title= Brandeis University: A Host At Last |first= Abram L. |last= Sachar |publisher= Brandeis University Press |year= 1995 |page= 38 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=axYr8im9gqcC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38 |isbn= 9780874515855 }}
64. ^{{cite news |title= Douglas Gets Degree: Senator Honored at Brandeis—Urges Values in Red Fight |date= June 15, 1953 |work= The New York Times |page= 27 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112720176/6470866A575F476BPQ/342?accountid=46320 }}
65. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Dedicates Its Graduate School |date= January 15, 1954 |work= The New York Times |page= 21 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/113153688/6470866A575F476BPQ/398?accountid=46320 }}
66. ^¹²{{cite news |title= Brandeis to Build Interfaith Center |date= May 13, 1954 |work= The New York Times |page= 26 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/112935577/6470866A575F476BPQ/438?accountid=46320 }}
67. ^{{cite news |title= Catholic Chapel at Brandeis Open: Cushing, at Dedication on Campus, Lauds University for Aid to Religion |first= John H. |last= Fenton |date= September 10, 1955 |work= The New York Times |page= 19 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/113254552/6470866A575F476BPQ/599?accountid=46320 }}
68. ^¹{{cite news |title= 3 Brandeis Chapels will be Dedicated |date= October 23, 1955 |work= The New York Times |page= 111 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/113339821/6470866A575F476BPQ/620?accountid=46320 }}
69. ^{{cite news |title=Izler Solomon Named Symphony Head in 1956 |url=https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=JPOST19560831-01.1.31 |accessdate=3 November 2018 |publisher=The National Jewish Post |date=31 August 1956 |location=Indianapolis |page=32 |quote=It was learned this month that former Indianapolis resident Jack Goldfarb of New York City gave a million-dollar gift to build a library at Brandeis university in Waltham, Mass. The library will be named in his honor.}}
70. ^¹²{{cite news |title= Brandeis University Gets Gift of $1,000,000 for Library |work= The New York Times |date= April 12, 1956 |page= 49 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/113609504/6470866A575F476BPQ/686?accountid=46320 }}
71. ^{{cite news |title= Memorial to Brandeis: 9-Foot Statue of Justice to Be Unveiled Nov. 13 |work= The New York Times |date= April 15, 1956 |page= 39 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/113897312/6470866A575F476BPQ/687?accountid=46320 }}
72. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Cardillo |first1=Julian |title=Louis Brandeis statue enlivens campus |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2016/april/louis-brandeis-statue-tbt.html |accessdate=3 November 2018 |publisher=Brandeis University |date=28 April 2016}}
73. ^{{cite news |title= Ben-Gurion Cites Spirit of Israel: Receiving Honorary Degree at Brandeis, He Stresses Philosophy and Science |first= Irving |last= Spiegel |work= The New York Times |date= Mar 10, 1960 |page= 9 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/115037889/C9B9F02C7DD42B9PQ/1146?accountid=46320 }}
74. ^{{cite news |title= Jordan Boycotts Brandeis U. |work= The New York Times |date= July 5, 1960 |page= 63 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/115192047/C9B9F02C7DD42B9PQ/1230?accountid=46320 }}
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jta.org/1958/12/01/archive/schottland-to-head-social-welfare-school-at-brandeis-university |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Schottland to Head Social Welfare School at Brandeis University |date=December 1, 1958 |accessdate=May 10, 2016}}
76. ^¹{{cite news |title= Brandeis Quits College Gridiron |work= The Baltimore Sun |date= May 17, 1960 |page= S23 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/542277219/3D117F9262A74E38PQ/90?accountid=46320 }}
77. ^¹²{{cite news |title= Team Also Cited: Brandeis Athletic Director Says Football Expenses Outweighed Returns |first= Robert M. |last= Lipsyte |work= New York Times |date= May 17, 1960 |page= 47 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/114978291/3D117F9262A74E38PQ/89?accountid=46320 }}
78. ^{{cite news |title=UF Invited Into Prestigious Association of Universities |date= July 9, 1985 |work= The Gainesville Sun |publisher= Google News |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ez9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y-kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6157,2817515 }}
79. ^{{cite web | title=The Student Occupation of Ford Hall, January 1969 | work=Brandeis University Archives, Remembering Ford & Sydeman Halls | url=http://lts.brandeis.edu/research/archives-speccoll/exhibits/ford/occupation/index.html | accessdate=2013-02-09}}
80. ^¹²{{cite news |title= 70 Seize Hall at Brandeis: Faculty Condemns Action By Negro Students |work= The Baltimore Sun |date= January 9, 1969 |page= A8 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/539247176/D5409AD2CB6C49DAPQ/11?accountid=46320 }}
81. ^¹²{{cite news |title= Students Resume Brandeis Classes: Protest by Negroes Goes On as Negotiations Continue |first= John H. |last= Fenton |work= The New York Times |date= January 11, 1969 |page= 17 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/118533415/9718DDC981884B64PQ/16?accountid=46320 }}
82. ^{{cite news |title= Negro Students Accuse Brandeis Of 'Racist Policies,' Seize Building |work= The Washington Post|date= January 9, 1969 |page= A3 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/147744840/D5409AD2CB6C49DAPQ/12?accountid=46320 }}
83. ^{{cite web | title=The Ten Demands | work=Brandeis University Archives, Remembering Ford & Sydeman Halls | url=http://lts.brandeis.edu/research/archives-speccoll/exhibits/ford/occupation/tendemands.html | accessdate=2013-02-09}}
84. ^{{cite news |title= Brandeis Takeover |work= Chicago Daily Defender |date= January 11, 1969 |page= 2 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/493463521/9C47D04EFDA14812PQ/175?accountid=46320 }}
85. ^{{cite news |title= Calif. Students, Police Battle Again |work= The Washington Post |date= January 10, 1969 |page= A9 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/147751670/D68537C3B6574911PQ/5?accountid=46320 }}
86. ^{{cite news |title= Compromise Ends Student Protest at Minnesota Campus |work= The Washington Post |date= January 16, 1969 |page= A7 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/147731392/D68537C3B6574911PQ/12?accountid=46320 }}
87. ^{{cite news |title= Head of Brandeis Suspends Negroes: Abram Ousts 65 Students for Occupying Building |first= John H. |last= Fenton |work= The New York Times |date= January 12, 1969 |page= 38 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/118563168/9C47D04EFDA14812PQ/178?accountid=46320 }}
88. ^{{cite news |title= Shot Fired In Flareup At San Jose |work= The Washington Post |date= January 18, 1969 |page= A3 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/143519554/D68537C3B6574911PQ/13?accountid=46320 }}
89. ^¹{{cite news |title= All-California Teacher Strike Is Threatened |work= The Washington Post |date= January 13, 1969 |page= A3 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/147730200/D68537C3B6574911PQ/8?accountid=46320 }}
90. ^¹²³{{cite news |title= Brandeis U. Head Suspends 65 in Campus Protest: Offers to Resign Escalate Demands |work= The Washington Post |date= January 12, 1969 |page= 10 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/143655739/pageviewPDF/D68537C3B6574911PQ/7?accountid=46320 }}
91. ^¹²{{cite news |title= 64 Black Students End 'Occupation' at Brandeis |work= The Washington Post |date= January 19, 1969 |page= 3 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/147736439/D68537C3B6574911PQ/15?accountid=46320 }}
92. ^{{cite news |title= Ronald Walters, Rights Leader and Scholar, Dies at 72 |work= The New York Times |date= September 14, 2010 |first= Dennis |last= Hevesi |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/15/us/15walters.html }}
93. ^{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=Nashrah |title=Research facility dedicated to donors |url=https://www.thejustice.org/article/2008/11/research-facility-dedicated-to-donors |website=The Justice |accessdate=21 January 2019 |date=11 November 2008}}
94. ^{{cite web |title= Brandeis University Rescinds Honorary Degree From Ayaan Hirsi Ali Over Criticism of Islam |work= The Christian Post |first= Morgan |last= Lee |date= April 9, 2014 |url= http://www.christianpost.com/news/brandeis-university-rescinds-honorary-degree-from-ayaan-hirsi-ali-over-criticism-of-islam-117659/ }}
95. ^{{cite web |title= 'The Trouble Is the West': Ayaan Hirsi Ali on Islam, immigration, civil liberties, and the fate of the West |first= Rogier |last= van Bakel |date= November 2007 |work= Reason.com |publisher= Reason Foundation |url= http://reason.com/archives/2007/10/10/the-trouble-is-the-west/singlepage }}
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