| 词条 | Bothriechis schlegelii |
| 释义 |
| name=Bothriechis schlegelii | image=Bothriechis schlegelii (La Selva Biological Station).jpg | genus=Bothriechis | species=schlegelii | authority=(Berthold, 1846) | synonyms=
}}Bothriechis schlegelii, the eyelash viper, is a venomous pit viper species found in Central and South America. Small and arboreal, this species is characterized by a wide array of color variations, as well as the superciliary scales above the eyes. It is the most common of the green palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis),[2] and is often present in zoological exhibits. The specific name schlegelii honors Hermann Schlegel, who was a German ornithologist and herpetologist.[2] For other common names see below. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3] DescriptionThe eyelash viper is a relatively small species of pitviper, with adults ranging from {{convert|55|–|82|cm|abbr=on}} long, and females being longer and more variable in size than males, which can grow to {{convert|69|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.[5] It has a wide, triangular-shaped head, and eyes with vertical pupils. Like all pit vipers, it is solenoglyphous, having large, hypodermic needle-like fangs in the front of the upper jaw that fold back when not in use, and has heat sensitive organs, or pits, located on either side of the head between the eye and nostril. Its most distinguishing feature, and origin of its common name, is the set of modified scales above the eyes that look much like eyelashes. The eyelashes are thought to aid in camouflage, breaking up the snake's outline among the foliage where it hides. B. schlegelii occurs in a wide range of colors, including red, yellow, brown, green, even pink, as well as various combinations thereof. It often has black or brown speckling on the base color. No external features distinguish the two sexes.[6] Common namesCommon names of B. schlegelii include the eyelash viper,[4] eyelash pit viper, eyelash palm viper, eyelash palm-pitviper,[5][6] Schlegel's viper,[4] Schlegel's pit viper,[6] Schlegel's palm viper,[7] eyelash snake,[2] eyelash lancehead,[8] eyelash mountain viper,[4] and horned palm viper.[9] In Spanish, the primary language of countries comprising its distribution, common names include bocaracá,[10] oropel (golden morph),[10] víbora bocaracá, toboba pestanas,[11] víbora de pestañas[5] (eyelash viper), and serpiente loro[5] (parrot snake). Geographic rangeThe geographic range of B. schlegelii extends from southern Mexico (northern Chiapas), southeastward on the Atlantic plains and lowlands through Central America to northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela. It is also found on the Pacific versant and lowlands in parts of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It occurs in mesic forest at elevations almost from sea level to {{convert|2640|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude. The type locality is “Popayan” (Popayán, Colombia).[1] Habitat{{Expand section|date=August 2016}}B. schlegelii prefers lower altitude, humid, tropical areas with dense foliage, generally not far from a permanent water source.[12] One study noted the preference of B. schlegelii for deep, shady ravines.[13]BehaviorA typical ambush predator, it waits patiently for unsuspecting prey to wander by. Sometimes, it is known to select a specific ambush site and return to it every year in time for the spring migration of birds. Studies have indicated that B. schlegeli learns to improve strike accuracy over time. Sometimes B. schlegelii (especially juveniles) will employ what is known as “caudal luring”, wiggling the tail in worm-like motions to encourage potential prey to move within striking range. There is a myth among villagers in some small areas of South America that the eyelash viper will wink, flashing its "eyelashes" at its victim, following a venomous strike. Snakes are not physiologically capable of such behavior, as they have no eyelids and can not close their eyes.[15] ReproductionThe eyelash viper reaches sexual maturity at around two years of age, and the ovoviviparous species reproduces throughout the year in warm environments.[14] Females carry eggs for around six months before they hatch internally, where the young complete their development.[14] Pregnant females have enlarged lower abdomens, and may stop eating in later stages of pregnancy.[14] In a typical brood they give birth to 2–20 live young, which are {{convert|15|–|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and appear physically similar to adults.[14] Males engage in a sometimes hours-long courtship ritual called a "dance of the adders", in which two males posture and intimidate one another in an upright, "cobra-like" stance until one is pushed away or falls to the ground.[14] They are polygynous, and usually mate at night.[14] CaptivityDespite the inherent danger of its venom, B. schlegelii is frequently available in the exotic animal trade, and is well represented in zoos worldwide. It is frequently captive bred for color and pattern. Exporting from the wild is not as common as it once was, but is not unknown. In general they make hardy captives, readily feeding on provided mice. TaxonomySome authorities{{who|date=August 2016}} also recognize a montane form that is treated either as a subspecies (B. s. supraciliaris) or as a species (B. supraciliaris).[4] Found in the province of San José in Costa Rica,[16] it was sometimes referred to as the eyelash mountain viper,[4] while more recent publications recognizing the species designation refer to it as the blotched palm-pitviper.[17][18] Conservation{{Expand section|date=August 2016}}Eyelash vipers have not been evaluated by the IUCN Red List, and were removed from CITES Appendix III in 2002.[14] While not listed as threatened, they could be at risk of habitat loss from increased deforestation for timber, agriculture, and urbanization.[14] See also
References1. ^1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume). 2. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Bothriechis schlegelii, p. 235). 3. ^{{ITIS|id=585768|taxon=Bothriechis schlegelii |accessdate=4 June 2007}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Mehrtens|first=John M.|title=Living Snakes of the World in Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKURAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Sterling Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-8069-6460-7}} 5. ^1 2 {{ cite web | title = Common Names for Eyelash Palm Pit Viper (Bothriechis schlegelii ) | work = Encyclopedia of Life | url = http://eol.org/pages/1057042/names/common_names | accessdate=9 January 2014 }} 6. ^Parker HW, Grandison AGC (1977). Snakes -- A Natural History. Second Edition. British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. {{ISBN|0-8014-1095-9}} (cloth), {{ISBN|0-8014-9164-9}} (paper), 7. ^Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. {{ISBN|0-398-02808-7}}. 8. ^{{cite book|last=Wrobel|first=Murray|title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Reptiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flNRoNKHq80C&pg=PA73|date=4 December 2004|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-045920-2|page=73}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Robert Alan|title=Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caTqdbD7j4AC&pg=PA187|date=23 March 1998|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-56670-223-2|page=187}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carrol L.|title=Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Field Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqnJ7EfxMl4C&pg=PA150|date=30 November 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78464-2|page=150}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Guyer|first1=Craig |last2=Donnelly, Maureen A. |title=Amphibians and Reptiles of La Selva, Costa Rica, and the Caribbean Slope: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwVjYkxd4akC&pg=PA165|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93701-7|page=165}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sorrell|first=Geoffrey G.|date=2009-02-12|title=Diel Movement and Predation Activity Patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii )|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1643/CE-06-284|journal=Copeia|volume=2009|issue=1|pages=105–109|doi=10.1643/CE-06-284|issn=0045-8511}} 13. ^{{Cite book|title=Maya Tropical Rainforest|last=Nations|first=James D.|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2006|isbn=9780292712829|location=Austin|pages=72|via=}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web | title=ADW: Bothriechis schlegelii information | work=Animal Diversity Web | last=Sinnett | first=Katy | publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Bothriechis_schlegelii/ | accessdate=9 January 2014 }} 15. ^Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. {{ISBN|0-7167-0020-4}}. ("Snakes ... glassy, unwinking glare", p. 53). 16. ^{{ cite web | title = Facts about Bothriechis supraciliaris | work = Encyclopedia of Life | url = http://eol.org/pages/11006908/details | accessdate = 9 January 2014 }} 17. ^{{cite book|last=O'Shea, Mark|title=Venomous Snakes of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bBz1-v1WUwC&pg=PA41|date=March 2008|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=978-1-84773-086-2|page=41}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Lillywhite|first=Harvey B.|title=How Snakes Work: Structure, Function and Behavior of the World's Snakes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG9VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|date=April 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538037-8|page=25}} External links{{Commons|Bothriechis schlegelii}}
Further reading
9 : Bothriechis|Reptiles described in 1846|Reptiles of Mexico|Reptiles of Costa Rica|Reptiles of Honduras|Reptiles of Guatemala|Reptiles of Peru|Reptiles of Colombia|Taxa named by Arnold Adolph Berthold |
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