| 词条 | Brahmin Tamil | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
History{{See also|Manipravalam|Grantha alphabet}}During the heyday of Brahmin domination in the early 1900s, Brahmin Tamil was used as the lingua-franca for inter-caste communication.[3][4] The principal characters in the Tamil films of the period (1930s and 1940s) also spoke the Brahmin dialect.[5][6] However, with the rise of the Pure Tamil Movement and the entry of Dravidian ideologues into Tamil cinema in the 1950s, Brahmin Tamil was gradually displaced from public spheres.[3][5][7] Today, Brahmin Tamil is only used in films and television soaps centred on the Brahmin society.[5] Brahmin Tamil, has however, continued to flourish among the expatriate brahmin community. The first systematic study of Brahmin Tamil was undertaken by Jules Bloch in 1910.[3] However, the most detailed study was conducted by A K Ramanujan and William Bright in the 1960s.[3] More recent researches on Brahmin Tamil and other socio-dialects have been conducted by Kamil Zvelebil.[3] VariationsThere are many forms of Brahmin Tamil spoken. While the Tamil spoken by Brahmins vary from place to place influenced by the regional dialect of Tamil used, Brahmin Tamil, in general, is less influenced by regional dialects than the dialects used by other Tamil communities.[8] The two main regional variations are Thanjavur and Palakkad sub-dialects. The differences between Thanjavur and Palakkad sub-dialects are:
The Iyengars, particularly those outside the Tamil region, have a dialect retaining many archaic words from old religious texts like naalaayira dhivya prabandham. For a detailed mapping of words and spoken dialects and standard Tamil, see Wiki reference Iyengar Tamil. Differences with standard TamilVocabularyBrahmin Tamil varies slightly from the standard Tamil. It retains minor adaptations of classical Tamil (Senthamizh) words which are no longer in common usage, like ām, the Brahmin Tamil word for "house" which is derived from the old Tamil word Agam while it also incorporates Sanskrit corruptions as the Brahmin Tamil word for water thūtham which is a corruption of the Sanskrit theertham. While non-Brahmin Tamils generally tend to use Sanskrit derivatives in their Prakrit form, Brahmins tend to use Sanskrit words in their original. According to Bright and Ramanujan (1964), {{quote|It is the Brahmin dialect which has innovated by introducing the loan words. Brahmin Tamil frequently preserves non-native phonology, which non-Brahmin Tamil assimilates to native pattern[3]}}
The Ramanujan-Bright hypothesis which examined Brahmin Tamil in detail concluded - {{quote|In general, the Brahmin dialect seems to show great innovation on the more conscious levels of linguistic change – those of borrowing and semantic extension—while the non-Brahmin dialect shows greater innovation in less conscious type of change—those involving phonemic and morphological replacements[3]}}Bright attributes these changes to the comparatively high literacy rate of the Brahmin community. {{quote|A possible hypothesis is that literacy, most common among Brahmins has acted as a brake on change in their dialects-that the ‘frozen’ phonology and grammar of the literary language have served to retard change in Brahmin speech[3]}}
There are also a few nicknames and sobriquets used in Brahmin Tamil alone.
Structure and pronunciationAs in standard spoken Tamil, the temporal verbal participles (as in -ccē/-sē from 'samayam' (time)) in Brahmin Tamil, have been borrowed from relative participle constructions on the model varaccē < varuxiṟa samayam ('while coming') and pōxasē < pōxiṟa samayam ('while going').[14] Brahmin Tamil also uses the retroflex approximant |ɻ| used in Old Tamil, but no longer in use in most non-Brahmin dialects.[15] UsageThough mainly used by Tamil Brahmins, the Brahmin dialect is also used occasionally, and to a lesser extent, by other forward caste Tamils such as Vellalars and Mudaliyars.[3] Until the rise of the Self Respect movement, the usage of Brahmin Tamil was favoured by the Vellalars and Mudaliyars of Thanjavur and South Arcot districts.[3] In the early decades of the 20th century, the Brahmin Tamil variant spoken in Madras city was considered to be standard spoken Tamil.[5][7] However, since the 1950s and the gradual elimination of Sanskrit loan words from the spoken tongue, Brahmin Tamil has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by the Central and Madurai Tamil dialects, by all communities, including most Brahmins, as the preferred spoken dialects for day-to-day use.[4] In ancient times, Brahmin Tamil was used only by Smartha Brahmins, the Vaishnavite Iyengars having a unique dialect of their own, called the Sri Vaishnava Manipravalam which interested linguistics for its peculiar grammatical forms and vocabulary.[16] However, due to the development of a homogenised Brahmin identity during the medieval period, Vaishnavite Brahmins in the Tamil country have largely assimilated Brahmin Tamil with their own dialect, retaining several words of the Vaishnava Manipravalam in their vocabulary. The Hebbar and Mandyam Iyengars who reside outside the Tamil country, however, continue to use Iyengar Tamil as their mother tongue. So do Ashtagrama Iyers and Mysore Vadama Iyers whose Tamil dialects while largely uses Brahmin Tamil has some Kannada influence. In contrast to peninsular India, the Brahmin dialect was never used by the Tamil Brahmins of Sri Lanka.[17] The difference between the Smartha and Sri Vaishnava variants are currently limited to vocabulary, particularly to words related to ritual and familial ties, alone.[18]
See also{{wikibooks}}
Notes1. ^{{cite book|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, And Lifestyle|page=217|publisher=ABC-CLIO|id={{ISBN|9781851096367}}|year=2006|isbn=1851096361}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|page=436|editor=Mohit K. Ray|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|id={{ISBN|9788126908325}}|year=2007|isbn=8126908327}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|title=Language variation in Tamil|url=http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|title=Standardization or Restandardization: the case for `Standard' Spoken Tamil|author=Harold F. Schiffman|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/stantam/STANTAM.HTM}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT212#v=onepage&f=false|pages=188–189|chapter=Notes - 12|first=Bernard|last=Bate|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2009|id={{ISBN|9780231147569}}|isbn=0231147562}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The eye of the serpent: An Introduction to Tamil cinema|page=66|first=S. Theodore|last=Baskaran|authorlink=S. Theodore Baskaran|publisher=East West Books|year=1996}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|title=The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa|first=Bernard|last=Comrie|page=182|id={{ISBN|9780415057721}}|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=0415057728}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Language and society in South Asia|page=155|first1=Michael|last1=C. Shapiro|first2=Harold|last2=F. Schiffman|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1981}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=A history of Tamil literature with texts and translations from the earliest times to 600 A.D.|first1=J. M. Somasundaram|last1=Pillai|first2=T. P.|last2=Meenakshisundaram|year=1968|page=xiv|chapter=Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyw0AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|title=Dravidic Studies|page=154|chapter=The Sanskritic Elements in the vocabulary of Dravidian languages|first=S. Anavartavinayakam|last=Pillai|year=1974|publisher=University of Madras|editor=Mark Collins}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Linguistic traits across language boundaries|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=20|editor=Sree Krishnan}} 12. ^1 Andronov, p 162 13. ^{{cite book|title=Indian Linguistics|first=Baldev Raj|last=Gupta|page=28|publisher=Ariana Publishing House|year=1990}} 14. ^Andronov, p 258 15. ^1 {{cite book|title=Variation and change in language: Essays|chapter=Social dialect and language history|page=35|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1976|id={{ISBN|9780804709262}}|first=William|last=Bright|isbn=0804709262}} 16. ^{{cite book|title=Self-surrender (prapatti) to God in Śrīvaiṣṇavism: Tamil Cats and Sanskrit Monkeys|first=Srilatha|last=Raman|pages=63–64|id={{ISBN|9780415391856}}|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2007|isbn=0415391857}} 17. ^{{cite book|title=Epigraphical evidences for Tamil studies|first=A.|last=Veluppillai|page=175|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1980}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Caste, Class, and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village|first=Andre|last=Beteille|authorlink=Andre Beteille|publisher=University of California Press|id={{ISBN|9780520020535}}|year=1965|page=54|isbn=0520020537}} References
1 : Tamil dialects |
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