| 词条 | Bread and circuses |
| 释义 |
"Bread and circuses" (or bread and games; from {{lang-la|panem et circenses}}) is a metonymic phrase critiquing superficial appeasement. It is attributed to Juvenal, a Roman poet active in the late first and early second century AD — and is used commonly in cultural, particularly political, contexts. In a political context, the phrase means to generate public approval, not by excellence in public service or public policy, but by diversion, distraction or by satisfying the most immediate or base requirements of a populace[1] — by offering a palliative: for example food (bread) or entertainment (circuses). Juvenal, who originated the phrase, used it to decry the selfishness of common people and their neglect of wider concerns.[2][3][4] The phrase implies a population's erosion or ignorance of civic duty as a priority.[5] Ancient Rome{{Further|Grain supply to the city of Rome|Populares}}This phrase originates from Rome in Satire X of the Roman satirical poet Juvenal (circa A.D. 100). In context, the Latin panem et circenses (bread and circuses) identifies the only remaining interest of a Roman populace which no longer cares for its historical birthright of political involvement. Here Juvenal displays his contempt for the declining heroism of contemporary Romans, using a range of different themes including lust for power and desire for old age to illustrate his argument.[6] Roman politicians passed laws in 140 B.C. to keep the votes of poorer citizens, by introducing a grain dole: giving out cheap food and entertainment, "bread and circuses", became the most effective way to rise to power. {{quote|{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}… Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions — everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses.[7] {{Col-break}}[...] iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli / uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim / imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se / continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, / panem et circenses. [...] (Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81){{col-end}} }} Juvenal here makes reference to the Roman practice of providing free wheat to Roman citizens as well as costly circus games and other forms of entertainment as a means of gaining political power. The Annona (grain dole) was begun under the instigation of the popularis politician Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 B.C.; it remained an object of political contention until it was taken under the control of the autocratic Roman emperors. See also{{wiktionary|bread and circuses}}{{Portal|Ancient Rome}}{{Div col}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bread+and+circuses|title=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary|publisher=}} 2. ^Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81) 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/bread%20and%20circuses|title=American Heritage Dictionary: to placate or distract.|work=Yahoo|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105143821/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/bread%20and%20circuses|archivedate=2012-11-05|df=}} 4. ^Infoplease Dictionary as pacification or diversion. 5. ^{{cite news |date=2017 |title= Bread, circuses and our disappearing city |url=http://www.theherald.com.au/story/4965753/bread-circuses-and-our-disappearing-city/ |work=Newcastle Herald |location=Newcastle NSW Australia |access-date=2017-10-11 }} 6. ^Hirsch, Kett, & Trefil (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin. 7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=e5a5wxaxxfIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=Juvenal+%22but+nowadays%22+%22heads+of+state,+commanders%22&source=bl&ots=uIYGW0oTO3&sig=DQgVMiGkfiA42TLfzBPdwzGgvq8&hl=en&ei=YmWXTpmUMI_YiQKm6NC3DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Juvenal%20%22but%20nowadays%22%20%22heads%20of%20state%2C%20commanders%22&f=false Leisure and Ancient Rome], By J. P. Toner full quote at p.69. For us in the modern world, leisure is secondary to work, but [https://books.google.com/books/about/Leisure_and_ancient_Rome.html?id=e5a5wxaxxfIC in ancient Rome leisure was central to social life] and an integral part of its history. Sources
Further reading
5 : English phrases|Ancient Roman culture|Crowd psychology|Latin philosophical phrases|Metaphors referring to food and drink |
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