| 词条 | Brest Fortress |
| 释义 |
Brest Fortress ({{lang-be|Брэсцкая крэпасць}}, {{transl|be|Bresckaja krepasć }}; {{lang-ru|Брестская крепость}}, {{transl|ru|Brestskaya krepost' }}; {{lang-pl|Twierdza brzeska}}), formerly known as Brest-Litovsk Fortress, is a 19th-century Russian fortress in Brest, Belarus. In 1965, the title Hero Fortress was given to the Fortress to commemorate the defence of the frontier stronghold during the first week of the German-Soviet War, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, with the launch of World War II's Operation Barbarossa. The title Hero Fortress corresponds to the title Hero City, that was awarded to an eventual total of twelve Soviet cities. DescriptionThe Brest fortress has sustained its original outline of a star shaped fortification since its construction in the early 19th century. The Citadel, the core of the fortress, was on the central island formed by the Bug River and the two branches of the Mukhavets River. The island was skirted by a ring of a two-storied barrack with 4 semi-towers. The 1.8 km long barrack comprised 500 rooms to accommodate 12,000 soldiers within thick walls built from super strong red bricks. Originally there were 4 gates to enter the Citadel. Today only Kholm Gate and Terespol Gate can be seen, most part of the barrack lies in ruins. The Citadel was surrounded by 3 fortifications as bridgeheads, that were made up by branches of the Mukhavets River and moats (ditches), fortified by earthworks 10 m high with redbrick casemates inside. The 3 fortifications were named after two towns: Russian name for the city of Kobryn in Belarus, Terespol in Poland and Volyn, a historic region of Volhynia majorly located in Ukraine. The Kobrin Fortification was the biggest in the fortress, located in the northeastern part, shaped like a horseshoe, featured 4 fortification curtains, 3 detached ravelins and a lunette in the western part, East Fort and West Fort. The Terespol Fortification was the western bridgehead, featuring 4 detached lunettes. The Volyn Fortification was the southeastern bridgehead, featuring 2 fortification curtains with 2 detached ravelins.[1] HistoryConstructionThe construction of the Imperial Russian fortress started in 1833 based on draft of the Russian military engineer Karl Opperman in place of the old Ducal Lithuanian Brest Castle. During WWIIDefence of Brest Fortress{{main|Defense of Brest Fortress}}At 04:15 (Moscow time) June 22, 1941 the German Wehrmacht attacked the Brest fortress with no warning. The attack started with an artillery barrage, including 600 mm mortars of the second battery of the Heavy Artillery Battalion 833 Nr. III ("Thor") and Nr. IV ("Odin").[2] The defenders were taken by surprise and failed to form a solid front. By 09:00, the fortress was completely surrounded. The last defended object in the fortress was taken by June 29. About 6,800 Soviet soldiers and commanders were captured,[3] About 2,000 soldiers and officers were killed, the Germans lost nearly 430 killed soldiers and officers.[4] According to Soviet sources, the battle lasted until 20 July, with no one surrendering to the Germans. This narrative became a testament to the resilience and courage of Red Army and Soviet people.[5] A few Soviet soldiers did indeed hold out inside pockets of the fortress until as late as 23 July.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} August 1941During a journey to different parts of the Eastern front, Hitler and Mussolini visited the fortress on August 26, 1941. Strong security measures were in place. LegacyWar Memorial ComplexIn the late 1960s, the construction of the war memorial complex "Brest Hero Fortress" was started. The complex was opened on September 25, 1971.[6] The memorial complex is a national place of grief and pride, a popular tourist attraction. It comprises the barracks, gunpowder bunkers, forts and other fortifications, the museum of the defence, located on the site of the old fortress, along with the new monumental structures: the Main Entrance, the Obelisk, the Main Monument, the sculpture "Thirst". World Heritage StatusThis site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 30, 2004, in the Cultural category.[7] Preservation and development is being carried out by the Brest Fortress Development Foundation.[8][9] Symbol of Brest cityThe Brest Fortress is used as a symbol of the Belarussian city of Brest. See also
References1. ^Суворов А.М. "Брестская крепость на ветрах истории", Brest, 2004 (text in Russian) {{ISBN|985-90040-1-3}} 2. ^Мортира КАРЛ 3. ^Christian Ganzer: German and Soviet Losses as an Indicator of the Length and Intensity of the Battle for the Brest Fortress (1941). In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, pp. 449–466, here: p. 463. 4. ^Christian Ganzer: German and Soviet Losses as an Indicator of the Length and Intensity of the Battle for the Brest Fortress (1941). In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 27, Issue 3, pp. 449–466, here: p. 458. 5. ^Christian Ganzer: Soviet Prisoners of war in Soviet and post-Soviet commemorative culture. The Brest fortress: a case study. In: Frédéric Bonnesoeur et al. (eds.): Occupation - Annihilation - Forced Labour. Papers from the 20th Workshop on the History and Memory of National Socialist Concentration Camps. Berlin 2017, pp. 193-209. 6. ^the official website of the war memorial 7. ^UNESCO Tentative List for Belarus 8. ^Brest Heritage 9. ^Brest Fortress Development Foundation to receive US Grant External links{{Commons category|Brest Fortress}}
13 : Military history of Poland|Military history of the Soviet Union|Fortifications in Belarus|Buildings and structures in Brest, Belarus|Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union fortresses|Belarus in World War II|History of Brest, Belarus|Tourist attractions in Brest Region|Museums in Brest Region|World War II museums|History museums in Belarus|19th-century fortifications |
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