| 词条 | Brigitte Kuhlmann |
| 释义 |
|name = Brigitte Kuhlmann |birth_date = 1947 |birth_place = Hannover, West Germany |death_date = July 4, {{death year and age|1976|1947}} |death_place = Entebbe, Uganda |alma_mater = |image = Revolutionäre_Zellen.svg |caption = |other_names = |movement = |known_for=Air France Flight 139 hijacking |organization = Revolutionary Cells (RZ) |monuments = |awards = |religion = |footnotes = }} Brigitte Kuhlmann (1947–1976) was a founding member of the West German left-wing terrorist group Revolutionäre Zellen (RZ, or Revolutionary Cells in English.[1][2][3] She was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in Entebbe, Uganda, during Operation Entebbe. Early lifeKuhlmann was born in 1947[1] and studied pedagogy in Hannover.[2] She wrote poetry and cared for handicapped patients, living with but never marrying Wilfried Böse and later Gerd Schnepel.[3] Frankfurt undergroundKuhlmann and Böse eventually disappeared into the Frankfurt underground,[4] socialising in left-wing circles where they were recruited into the Red Army Faction[8] and were founding members of Revolutionary Cells.[9] Air France 139 hijackingOn June 27, 1976, using a South American passport Kuhlmann originally boarded a flight in Bahrain along with Böse, Fayez Abdul-Rahim Jaber, and Jayel Naji al-Arjam en route to Athens, Greece to connect with an Air France flight. Baggage handlers at the airport in Bahrain ensured their firearms and grenades were smuggled onto the aircraft undetected in their carry-on luggage.[5] In Athens they transferred to the Air France aircraft, an Airbus A300 which took off for Paris as Flight 139 shortly after midday. Within minutes Kuhlmann and her accomplices hijacked the aircraft.[8] Kuhlmann took control of the first class cabin and pistol-whipped noncompliant passengers. The airliner was re-routed to Libya under the call sign "Haifa One". After landing at Benina International Airport, where some passengers were released, the hijacked A300 took off again, headed south into Central Africa. During the five-hour flight, Kuhlmann verbally abused passengers, some Israeli, with anti-Semitic criticism.[5] She was referred to by the hostages as the "Nazi terrorist," and while all of the foreign hostages were set free, she refused to allow four Jewish passengers who were Belgians and Americans to be set free after she witnessed them wearing Jewish prayer shawls.[6] The aircraft landed at Entebbe, Uganda where Kuhlmann and her team were met by associates in the country, including a man identified by the press as Anton Degas Bouvier (but probably Fouad Awad), Abdel al-Latif, and Abu Ali.[7] During the week-long standoff Kuhlmann and her associates made demands of Israel, including the release of Palestinian political prisoners, as well as a ransom from France.[8] They also demanded the release of their allies Werner Hoppe, Jan-Carl Raspe, Ingrid Schubert, Ralf Reinders, Fritz Teufel, and Inge Viett.[8] Israelis were separated from non-Israelis and the threat of execution was made if the demands were not met.[9] Operation EntebbeKuhlmann, along with her comrade Wilfried Böse and the other hijackers, were killed in Operation Entebbe, an Israeli commando raid to free the remaining hostages.[9] In popular culture
References1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HcJMUx3HCU4C "Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention in the Middle East"], André Gerolymatos. Macmillan, 2010. {{ISBN|0-312-35569-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-35569-2}}. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuhlmann, Brigitte}}2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?ei=HSNwTaaJLIOKlwf9h4Be "Der Spiegel, Volume 30, Issues 1-9"], R. Augstein, 1976. Accessed March 3, 2011 3. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx4iAAAAMAAJ&q "Brothers in blood: the international terrorist network"], Ovid Demaris. Scribner, 1977. {{ISBN|0-684-15192-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-684-15192-2}}. p. 39 4. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=V4tZAAAAMAAJ "The Struggle against terrorism, Volume 49, Issue 3"], William P. Lineberry. H. W. Wilson, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8242-0605-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8242-0605-5}}. p. 39 5. ^1 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=KrL9bHLpOq4C "Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces"], Simon Dunstan. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2011. {{ISBN|1-4488-1868-0}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4488-1868-6}}. p. 10-16 6. ^Haaretz, Setting the Record Straight: Entebbe Was Not Auschwitz, Yossi Melman, Jul 08, 2011 11:49 AM, http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/setting-the-record-straight-entebbe-was-not-auschwitz-1.372131 7. ^Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11 0812201876Mark Ensalaco - 2012 -"And there was another man who arrived at Entebbe but who vanished before the hostage crisis ended in violence. The press, citing Israeli sources, identified him as Anton Degas Bouvier, an associate of Carlos. n fact, Bouvier was probably Fouad Awad, a former Lebanese army officer, who was now an operational commander for the PFLP." 8. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=tl_70h3jIFkC "The Red Army Faction: a documentary history. Projectiles for the people"], J. Smith, André Moncourt, Bill Dunne. PM Press, 2009. {{ISBN|1-60486-029-4}}, {{ISBN|978-1-60486-029-0}}. p. 439-440 9. ^1 2 3 4 "Operation Thunderbolt - Raid on Entebbe", H2G2. BBC. Accessed March 3, 2011 6 : 1947 births|1976 deaths|German anti-Zionists|Deaths by firearm in Uganda|Members of the Revolutionary Cells (RZ)|Operation Entebbe |
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